Golden Dawn's electoral rise and escalating violence & hate speech in Greece

Alert DateSeptember 19, 2012 Country: Greece Address: Δηληγιάννη Θεόδωρου 50, Αθήνα Racism and discrimination phenomena: Extremism - organised Racist Violence, Anti-migrant/xenophobia, Anti-semitism, Islamophobia, Anti-roma/zinghanophobia, Nationalism, Homophobia, On grounds of disability, Anti-roma/ romaphobia, Xenophobia
General Type: Racist violence, Racist discourse, Hate crime Groups affected / Interested in: Migrants, Refugees, Roma & Travelers, Ethnic minorities, Religious minorities, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender, Persons with disability Strands: Discrimination, Racism Key Areas: Political Parties-organisations - Racist & Xenophobic Discourse

Timeline

  • Immigrants attacked by far-right extremists in Athens

    On May 15th and 16th unidentified neofascist groups attacked immigrants with knifes, stones and improvised weapons in N.Kosmos and Daphne Athens suburbs while an arson attack against an immigrant's store in N.Kosmos took place too. Source: Indymedia 18.05.2006

  • Anti-Semitic declaration of a far-right wing municipal candidate

    The weekly newspaper "Alpha Ena", voice of the biggest extreme right wing political party "LAOS" published a crude anti-Semitic declaration of Mr. Mylonopoulos, an extreme right wing member of the ballot of the official Athens municipal candidate with New Democracy Nikitas Kaklamanis, saying that " if you wash the Jew, you’ll waste your soap. If we give them a little more time they'll break Hitler's record, in numbers of victims we mean. In brutality they've ...

  • Two immigrants attacked by far-right extremists after the defeat of the national basketball team

    A 22 years old Palestinian and one 50 years old Bangladeshi immigrants have been victims of brutal attack and beatings by unidentified Greeks who, according to media reports, were participating at a rally of the “Galazia Stratia” extreme right-wing and sport oriented association, after the unexpected defeat of the Greek basketball team at the World Championship final on 3.9.2006. The newspapers refer to the incident as one more case of the ‘usual hunt of the immigrant’ after a ...

  • Extremists assaults on Pakistani immigrants in Renti (Piraeus)

    During the last quarter of 2007, extreme-right wing bikers in military clothes have repeatedly attacked settlings and apartments of, mostly Pakistani, immigrants in the municipality of Renti (within the wider Piraeus area). In one of those incidents, 8 Pakistani immigrants were attacked, among which 5 were bodily harmed by people armed with bats, chains and knives who broke into  their house. One of the 5 victims, Housman Zafar was subsequently arrested for being illegally in the co...

  • Neo-Nazi attacks on migrants in Athens

    With the occasion of the 7th Greek youth festival of extreme right wing groups, a number of racist and violent attacks occurred against immigrants and Greek students. According to eye witnesses, the violent groups were composed by Greek and also foreign (Russians and Germans) neo-Nazis: On 27.10.2007 at the centre of Athens (Syntagma metro station), a group of extreme right-wing organisation members insulted and inflicted physical injuries to a Moroccan immigrant. Metro passengers present during the att...

  • Attacks from far-right extremists on Pakistani immigrants

    The Pakistani family who suffered organised racist attacks in November 2007 have been attacked again by a far-right group in their home. However, this time neighbours and antiracist activists intervened to protect them and keep them safe, while once again the police allegedly arrived on site after a 40’ delay. During the same week (15/01/2008), a 22-year-old Pakistani immigrant was beaten by three young Greeks in the Athens city centre. Two of them were arrested and reportedly declared only ...

  • Far-right groups activity intensifies in downgraded urban area of Athens

    The public debates prior to the European Parliament Elections of 2009 have focused on Athens migrant ghettos, therefore about the residence of migrants in unsanitary conditions in some areas of Athens such as Aghios Panteleimonas Aharnon, led to self-organised ‘committees of residents’ against the presence of migrants. Ultra-right wing groups (in particular Chryssi Avgi – ‘Golden Dawn’) participated in such committees of outraged Greek citizens. Ιn some cases they obstruc...

  • Racist attacks by organised far-right groups against migrants in Aegaleo and Renti (Athens)

    Racist attacks against migrants in Aegaleo and Renti area have been reported once again in March 2009. Police arrested two men, suspected of being part in a gang that had recently been mugging Pakistanis. Officers said that they believe another eight suspects were involved in at least six attacks that led to victims having their money and mobile phones stolen.   Source: Kathimerini English Edition, Aegaleo muggers, 9.3.2009, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_po...

  • Racist violent attacks in the Athens centre by extremists and local residents

    The intolerance towards immigrants in some Athens-centre districts (Aghios Panteleimonas and Attiki square), projected on the mainstream media as “Citizen initiatives”, has given rise to racist violent attacks by organised far right groups together with local inhabitants. Armed thefts, arson attacks, beatings, verbal threats and one sexual abuse are pointed mostly on Afghan and Bangladeshi migrants. Sources: Kathimerini, Κακοποίηση ανήλικου Αφγανού, 10.8.2010, http://news.kath...

  • Violent attacks on muslim immigrants and pray venues by far-right extremists in the Athens centre

    7 extremist offences on Bangladeshi immigrants, local foreigners’ stores and Muslim pray venues were reported in Attiki square (Athens) in two weeks. One Bangladeshi immigrant was deadly injured. In one of those incidents, over 80 local inhabitants (middle-age women, teenagers and old people) and far right extremists were pronouncing watchwords in front of a police detachment, such as "Illegal immigrants are not people; they are worms" and "Greece belongs to Greeks". Then...

  • Far-right city counselor performs the Nazi salute in the Athens city council

    During the 17th January Athens city council, a far right city councelor, Nick Michaloliakos, performed the Nazi salute in front of other councelors. During a discussion on a canceled antiracist concert programmed to be held in Aghios Panteleimonas (Athens), Nick Michaloliakos took the floor and objected to the question of the debate, saying: "The residents did not want to hold the concert," adding: "Good night. Rejoice the Pakistanis and Bagklantesianous that you made them Greeks and vote...

  • Several extremist assaults on immigrants after the murder of a 44-year-old Greek in Athens

    "Several hundred people including neo-Nazis assaulted dozens of immigrants in a working-class part of Athens today after a murder was blamed on foreigners, police said. Riot police deployed in the Patission district and used tear gas to keep protesters away from a squatter home after the unrest that broke out following the death by stabbing of a man for his video camera. Shouting "foreigners get out", the mob earlier attacked immigrants in the street and vandalised at least one ...

  • Racist violence against immigrants and their families in Athens

    Far right extremists hunting down and beating dark-skinned migrants in Athens - Families with children hidden by locals.   ATHENS, Greece (AP) - Gangs of far-right youths attacked dark-skinned immigrants in central Athens and clashed with riot police Thursday, leaving at least 25 people injured, in a show of force by extremist groups. The attacks, which lasted several hours, occurred following a downtown protest against a deadly mugging that had happened earlier in the week. ...

  • New anti-racism bill adopts Council Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008

    The bill of the Ministry of Justice to combat racism and xenophobia, adopting the Council Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008, received the unanimous approval of the cabinet. The Bill was filed in February 2011 by former minister Haris Kastanidis and came after a public consultation. It provides the automatic prosecution of racism and xenophobia and the protection of people not only based on criteria such as nationality, color or religion and sexual orientation. It establishes the&nb...

  • RAXEN Thematic Study: Racist and related hate crimes in the EU - Greece

  • Far-right leader speaks on the use of firearms and irregular immigration in the Greek Parliament.

    Following the decline of his popularity and as the date of the forthcoming legislative election approaches, Mr Giorgos Karatzaferis, the leader of the far-right party, LAOS (Nationalist Popular Orthodox Rally), re-seized the issues of insecurity and irregular immigration during a debate in the Greek Parliament. Mr Karatzaferis called on the Citizens’ Protection Minister, Mr Michalis Chrysochoidis, to relax the law on the use of firearms by both the police and citizens. Mr. Katatzaferis s...

  • Open call for forming a "Greek Militia" to fight crime.

    The organisation "Athena, The Hellenic Arms Control Center" adressed an open call for gathering people in their "Greek Militia" in order to fight crime. The organisation mentions in its foundation declaration: "Day and night, there will be militia soldiers to patrol in order to prevent robberies, burglaries, rapes, car thefts and drug trafficking. The Greek citizens will have the mobile numbers of militia soldiers so as to call them immediately to intervene when they are at risk...

  • Minister of Health speaks of "sanitary bomb" in the Athens centre due to foreign prostituted women

    During recent controls of the Hellenic Centre for Disease Contol and Prevention (KELPNO) in the Athens centre, twelve (12) prostitutes, two (2) of them of foreign origin, were found infected to HIV [1]. Health Minister, Andreas Loverdos, spoke on the issue of infected with HIV prostitutes in Athens describing it as an unlocked sanitary bomb in Athens. He explained the HIV infection by the foreign origin of illegal prostitutes, contrary to the above mentioned KELPNO's findings. He mentioned: "Th...

  • First detention centre opened in Amigdaleza before the legislative elections

    Reprinted from Infomobile: A detention center for undocumented immigrants in Amygdaleza, northwest of Athens, started operating on Sunday [29.04.2012], despite vehement protests by local residents and rights groups, with the transfer of dozens of migrants detained over the past few days in police sweeps in central Athens. Police said they transfered a group of 56 migrants in the early afternoon and were to move another 164 into the compound late last night. Meanwhile residents staged a protest aga...

  • Killing of a Romanian citizen near Sparta

    A 49 year-old was arrested by the policemen of the Sparta Police Department on charges of having shot and killed a 39 year-old Romanian citizen on 04.05.2012 in a warehouse situated in the 8th km of the Sparta-Gytheion National road. "According to police sources, the 49 year-old initially denied his involvment in the incident but later confessed his action. So far the motives of the murder are not clarified" [1].       Sources: To Vima, 04.05.2012, Σπάρτη: Συνελήφθ...

  • Neo-Nazi "Golden Dawn" party enters the Greek Parliament with 6,97% of votes and 21 deputies

    Neo-Nazi party Chryssi Aygi (Golden Dawn) won 6,97% in the legislative elections of May, 6th 2012 and entered the Greek Parliament with 21 deputies out of 300 [1]. During the press conference following the first election results, party members ordered journalists to stand to attention as a sign of respect to their leader, Nikos Mihaloliakos [2 & embedded video]. The main slogan of Golden Dawn's campaign is "For the country to be cleaned" [3]. Their slogan promoting "Greece's c...

  • Athens subway passengers witness neo-Nazi Golden Dawn supporters attacking immigrants

    Passengers of the Athens Piraeus Electric Railways (ISAP) witnessed several attacks against immigrants by supporters of the neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn. On Tuesday night, 30th of May, a group of youngsters attacked a Pakistani immigrant on St Nicolas Electric Railways station deck, causing him multiple injuries. According to eye witnesses, the perpetrators were shouting slogans of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party. Police also examines that the perpetrators possibly came from Golden Dawn...

  • Three immigrants stabbed by persons covered with motorbike helmets

    Three immigrants, two Polish and one Albanian, were stabbed by persons covered with motorbike helmets in Neos Kosmos (Athens). This attack is added to several attacks against immigrants in Athens, many of them being held by supporters of the neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn, as it is reported by several witnesses. Source: TVXS, 01.06.2012, Νέα επίθεση σε μετανάστες στο Νέο Κόσμο (New attack against immigrants in Neos Kosmos), http://tvxs.gr/node/96185, Accessed on 02.06.2012

    Attacks against immigrants during a motorbike rally of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party

    The neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn (Chryssi Aygi) organized a motorbike rally on the night of 01.06.2012 in the Athens centre. During the motorbike rally, several attacks against immigrants by Golden Dawn's members were reported by eye witnesses. According to witnesses, some attacks occured before the presence of police forces.  The police took into custody 6 persons, among which Ourania Michaloliakou, daughter of Golden Dawn's leader, and two Golden Dawn's deputies, Elias Panagiotaros...

  • Spokesperson of neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn attacks two female MP's live on TV

    Elias Kasidiaris, MP and spokesperson of the neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn (Chryssi Aygi) attacked two MPs during a morning news show in ANT1 TV. He throwed a glass of water at left-wing MP Rena Dourou and slapped communist MP Liana Kanelli three times [1]. The show's host, Georges Papadakis, said that Mr. Kasidiaris also attacked technicians and journalists who tried to calm him. The neo-Nazi MP faces arrest within 48 hours for the crime of unprovoked effective verbal abuse [2]. Elias Kasidiarιs also...

  • Brutal attack on 4 Egyptian fishermen by a group of extremists in Perama.

    Four (4) Egyptian fishermen were brutally attacked by a group of ten (10) unknown hooded persons in the early hours of 12.05.2012 in Perama. According to the Police announcement, a group of ten people approached the house where the four Egyptian fishermen live and attacked the victims, seriously injuring one of them. They have also caused damages to windows, two (2) cars and one (1) tricycle. Later on, police arrested six (6) persons (5 men and 1 woman) that were identified by the victims [1]. According...

  • Extremists attacks against immigrants in Chania, Crete on the day of the repeat national elections

    Two Algerian immigrants were attacked by four men with iron bars and knives in Chania, Crete on Sunday morning of 17 June 2012, day of the repeat national elections. The perpetrators also took the victims' clothes, mobile phones and money [1]. The next day, a 27 year-old Egyptian immigrant was attacked by a group oif 20 persons with iron bars causing him serious injuries resulting in endangering his life and finally losing a kidney. Witnesses denounce that the attack was made by neo-Nazi Golden Dawn...

    Neo-Nazi "Golden Dawn" party re-enters the Greek parliament with 6,92% of votes and 18 deputies

    The neo-Nazi party Golden Dawn retains its percentage of 6th May elections, in the repeat parliamentary elections of June 17th, 2012. Golden Dawn gained 6,92% of votes and 18 seats out of 300 in the Greek Parliament [1]. Given the recent violent incidents in which Golden Dawn's members and supporters were involved, this is a suprising result. In an attemt to give a martyr-like image to Golden Dawn, the party's leader, Nikos Mihaloliakos, refered to these incidents as an attempt of the establishm...

    Pakistani immigrant stabbed by extremists in Athens Metro

    A group of extremists attacked and stabbed a Pakistani immigrant in Attiki station of the Athens Metro in the night of Sunday, 17 June 2012, day of the repeat national elections. An amateur video, uploaded on youtube, shows a group of unknown persons in black tshirts hunting and attacking the victim with no reaction from neither passersby, nor a metro security guard present near the incident. According to the youtube user who uploaded the video, the perpetrators were members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn g...

  • Pogroms in immigrants' shops by supporters of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party

    A motorbike team of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party organised a raid in Pakistani immigrants' shops in St. Nicolas Square (Athens). According to the Movement "United against Racism and the Fascist Threat", the neo-Nazis entered the shops and asked the immigrants who were inside to close their shops and leave. They also gave the owners a week to permanently close the stores and leave from the region. Left parties and immigrant organisations denounce that several raids have taken place in the...

  • Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party starts Greek-only blood bank

    From Reuters:  A drive by the far-right Golden Dawn party to get Greeks to donate blood only for their fellow citizens has outraged doctors and medical authorities, who have slammed the initiative as racist and inhuman. Golden Dawn, which enjoyed unprecedented success in last month's election after promising to rid Greece of all immigrants, put up posters in Athens calling for volunteers to donate blood "only for Greeks who need our help." "All the bottles of blood we collect w...

  • Council of Europe Human Rights to Investigate Golden Dawn Alleged Attacks

    From the Greek Reporter: http://greece.greekreporter.com/2012/07/15/council-of-europe-human-rights-to-investigate-golden-dawn-alleged-attacks/ The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe is reportedly to visit Athens to investigate allegations of attacks against immigrants and journalists by the elected far-right Golden Dawn. Nils Mouiznieks, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe, told the known Greek newspaper “To Vima” that the council is closely monito...

  • Pedlars of Hate

    Hate on the Streets

  • Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party restricts free food delivery only to Greek citizens

    From International Business Times, 01.08.2012: Members of Greece's far-right Golden Dawn party have restricted deliveries of free food only to people who could prove they were Greek. Organisers asked for ID cards of dozens of people surrounding a delivery truck in Athens' Syntagma Square for a handout. The unemployed and the people with many children were served first. More than 200 people showed up, according to witnesses. One woman in the queue told the BBC that the initiative made "G...

  • Mass expulsion operation "Xenios Zeus" raises international criticism for violation of human rights

    Police launched a sweep-operation on Saturday August 4th, 2012, code named "Xenios Zeus", aimed at detaining and deporting migrants in the wider Athens area [1]. Attica Police General Directorate (GADA) announced that on Saturday, August 4th, 1100 immigrants were arrested and 4900 brought in for questioning (1130 of those did not meet the legal conditions fro residency in Greece), while on Sunday, August 5th, 395 were arrested and 1130 immigrants were brought in for questioning [1 & 2]. Fr...

  • Extremist attacks & interethnic clashes following the mass expulsion operation "Xenios Zeus"

    Several far right-wing groups have repeatedly attacked immigrants throughtout Greece, following the mass expulsion operation "Xenios Zeus" run by the police in the wider Athens area. According to recordings made by the Union of Migrant Workers, more that 500 immigrants have been attacked with iron bars, bruss knuckles, and knives during the last six months in various parts of Greece. On 08.08.2012 in Rethymno (Crete), five (5) unknown persons in a rural truck stopped at a bus stop, where four ...

    Extremist attacks on muslim worship places in Piraeus during the Ramadan

    Following the mass expulsion operation "Xenios Zeus" and during the Ramadan period, several attacks against muslim worship places have occured in Piraeus.  On 11.08.2012, far right-wing groups attacked two other muslim worship places in Rentis and Nikaia (Piraeus). They wrote slogans on the walls and caused damages [1]. On the night of 09.08.2012, about 15 persons on motorbikes, who allegedly were declaring themselves members of the neo-Nazi group "Golden Dawn" attacked  a...

  • Iraqi immigrant dies after attack out of a muslim worship place in the Athens centre

    On 12.08.2012, 5 persons attacked a 20 year-old Iraqi immigrant out of a muslim worship place in the Athens centre. According to the president of the Pakistani community, Javed Aslam, the victim had gone along with 10 other persons to the worship place, where food was distributed to muslms in need. The offenders came on 4 motorbikes at the entrance of the mosque, when the victim was coming out. They attacked him and deadly injured him with several knife wounds. The victim was transfered to Evaggelismos h...

  • Supporters and deputies of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party attack street migrant vendors

    From ekathimerini, 08.09.2012:   Public Order Minister Nikos Dendias on Saturday ordered authorities to file charges against supporters of neofacist Chrysi Avgi (Golden Dawn) as well as two of the party’s deputies, Giorgos Germenis and Panayiotis Iliopoulos, following an attack on immigrants’ stalls at a church fate in Rafina, northeast of Athens, on Friday night. The action could lead to the MPs having their parliamentary immunity lifted. Footage posted on the party’s official ...

  • Attack of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party on immigrant street vendors in Mesologi

    Following the attacks of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn deputies and members on migrant street vendors in Rafina, deputy Kostas barbarousis along with other Golden Dawn's members violently attacked migrant street vendors in the open market of Mesologi and Gavalo on September 8th, 2012 [1]. The MP said: "We fight illegal trade, we came today to see the municipal police and the police authorities proceeding to their contols, and while they were impeding, we did it ourselves. These efforts will continu...

  • Deputies of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party will no longer be protected by police guards

    Ministry of Citizen protection decided on September 10th, 2012, to no longer protect the deputies of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party with police guards, in response to the participation of Golden Dawn's deputies in the violent attacks against immigrants in the open markets of Rafina and Messolonghi. The ministry said in a statement that "the police force has decided to remove police protection for Golden Dawn members of parliament after the party announced that it will continue with violent ...

  • Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party organizes Greek-only blood bank and food delivery

    Members of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party organized food delivery only to indigent Greeks at Aghios Panteleimonas (Athens centre) on September 14th, 2012. Greek citizens who received food from Golden Dawn were asked to provide full contact details. In addition, Golden Dawn members organized a Greek-only blood bank in several cities, in which only Greeks could offer their blood [1, 2 & 3]. During these events, Golden Dawn's MP, Elias Panagiotaros turned out an old foreign woman who asked for...

  • Supreme Court prosecutor says Parliament members may be arrested if committing felonies

    From Ekathimerini.com: Supreme Court prosecutor Yiannis Tentes issued a circular informing authorities on Tuesday that they are within their rights to detain members of Parliament if they are seen committing felonies. Tentes issued the notice after police failed to react when three Golden Dawn deputies took part in two recent raids at open-air markets and attacked stalls operated by migrants. The incidents are being investigated and the three lawmakers face having their immunity lifted. Tentes’...

While the popularity of the far right-wing party, LAOS (Nationalist Popular Orthodox Rally) is in decline, to some extent as a result of its three-month stint in the interim governmennt of Loukas Papademos, the Golden Dawn (Chrysi Avgi, Χρυσή Αυγή in Greek), a neonazi organisation, entered the parliament by receiving about 7% of the popular vote in the May and June 2012 national elections.

The outburst of the economic crisis in Greece and the highlighting of ghettos in Athens found far-right wing groups, especially Golden Dawn, taking the lead of the so-called "self-organised committees of residents" acting against the presence of migrants in their neighbourghoods and resulting in several violent incidents [5]. Such violence reached unprecedented levels following the murder of a 44-year-old Greek in Athens in may 2011 [6]. Police intervention has been insufficient and rarely led to perpetrators' arrests.

After the election of Golden Dawn in the Parliament, the racist violent incidents against migrants and minorities increased well out of control, but still remain not investigated and unpunished. In September 2012 some initiatives by the Minister of Public Order and the Supreme Court Prosecutor promise to deal with the problem and even arrest Parliament Deputies if committing crimes.

See also the file [7] and video [8] of Jungle-Report blog on Golden Dawn's ideological profile, discourse and action.

 

Sources:

  1. Public Issue, 15.03.2012, p.19, http://www.publicissue.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/varometro-mar-2012.pdf, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  2. Public Issue, 05.03.2012, p.20, http://www.publicissue.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/varometro-feb-2012-1o-ektakto-kyma.pdf, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  3. Public Issue, 08.02.2012, p.24, http://www.publicissue.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/varometro-feb-2012.pdf, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  4. Public Issue, 08.12.2011, p. 32, http://www.publicissue.gr/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/varometro-dec-2011.pdf, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  5. Eleftherotipia, Dama G.,Τρόμου και ρατσισμού γωνία, 27.05.2009, http://www.enet.gr/?i=news.el.article&id=48314, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  6. Herald Sun, 11.05.2011, http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/breaking-news/neo-nazi-attacks-on-immigrants-after-athens-killing/story-e6frf7jx-1226053826626, Accessed on 16.02.3012.
  7. Jungle-Report, 15.03.2012, Φάκελος "Χρυση Αυγή" (File "Golden Dawn"), http://jungle-report.blogspot.com/2012/03/blog-post.html, Accessed on 16.03.2012.
  8. Jungle-Report video on Golden Dawn, Uploaded on 13.03.2012, http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=DMAyqI4Wbyw, Accessed on 16.03.2012.

  9. The Guardian, Greece's Golden Dawn isn't a political party – it's more like a criminal gang, http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/sep/04/greece-golden-dawn-not-political-party Accessed on 4.9.2012.

  10. The Business Insider, Greek Neo-Nazis Golden Dawn Are The Only Major Party To Gain Popularity Since Elections. http://www.businessinsider.com/support-for-neo-nazi-golden-dawn-party-tops-10-in-greece-2012-9 Accessed on 6.9.2012

  11. The Telegraph, Rise of neo-Nazi Golden Dawn party leads to spate of immigrant attacks in Greece, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/9330223/Rise-of-neo-Nazi-Golden-Dawn-party-leads-to-spate-of-immigrant-attacks-in-Greece.html Accessed on 13 June 2012.

  12. Petition for a Judicial Investigation against Golden Dawn. Investigate Greece´s Golden Dawn neo-Nazi Party. http://www.avaaz.org/en/petition/Investigate_the_Golden_Dawn_neoNazi_Party_of_Greece/  Accessed on 12.9.2012

  13. Council of Europe Human Rights to Investigate Golden Dawn Alleged Attacks, http://www.red-network.eu/?i=red-network.en.items&id=856

  14. Ekathimerini,  Lawmakers can be arrested in some cases, says prosecutor, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_18/09/2012_461912 18.9.2012

  15. Ekathimerini, Golden Dawn, police at loggerheads, http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_10/09/2012_460610, 10.9.2012

An article on the conditions in which Golden Dawn gained support in Greece:

Georgiadou V., Πέρα από τη «χρυσαυγολογία»… Οι αιτίες της ανόδου της Χρυσής Αυγής, http://www.metarithmisi.gr/el/readText.asp?textID=12226&mra=yes&sw=1366, 20.9.2012

An article on factors contributing to the rise o hate speech in Greek society and a neonazi party in the Parliament (in Greek):

Pavlou M., The rise of hate speech/ when a plane crashes: http://www.protagon.gr/?i=protagon.el.article&id=16651 6.7.2012.

Google translation: http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=el&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=el&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.protagon.gr%2F%3Fi%3Dprotagon.el.article%26id%3D16651&act=url

A report on the introduction and consolidation of hate speech through political debates and media in Greece:

RAXEN - Human rights issues and debates during the 2009 EU Parliament election campaign: http://www.i-red.eu/?i=institute.en.publications.303