Discrimination is considered in the Law on Protection against Discrimination. Its definition of discrimination fully complies with Council Directive 2000/43/EC Council Directive 2000/78/EC. The specialised equality body Commission for Protection against Discrimination receives and investigates complaints for cases of discrimination.

Clear
  • Anti-discrimination Legislation & Implementation

    In Bulgaria, the Law on Protection against Discrimination regulates the prohibition of discrimination and protection of all rights and freedoms proclaimed by the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Bulgaria in accordance with the International Conventions and the EU law.  A specialised equality body Commission for Protection against Discrimination (CPD) receives and investigates complaints for cases of discrimination.

    • Is racial discrimination defined in national law?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Racial discrimination is defined in the Law on Protection against Discrimination (LPD) together with the other forms of discrimination. According to Article 4 (1) of the LPD any direct or indirect discrimination based on sex, race, nationality, ethnicity, human genome, citizenship, origin, religion or belief, education, views, political allegiance, personal or social status, disability, age, sexual orientation, marital status, property status, or on any other ground, established by law or an international treaty whereto the Republic of Bulgaria is a party, shall be prohibited. According to Article 4 (2) of the LPD direct discrimination means the treatment of someone less favourably than another person is, has been or would be treated in a comparable situation, on any of the grounds referred to in Article 4 (1). According to Article 4 (3) indirect discrimination means any case where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would put a person, on the grounds referred to in Article 4 (1), at a particular disadvantage compared to other individuals, unless that provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim, and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary.

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    • Is there a definition of discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin and/or religion in national law in conformity with the EU Directives?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The definition of discrimination provided by Article 4 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination fully complies with Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000, implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, and Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation. According to Article 4 (1) of the LPD "any direct or indirect discrimination based on sex, race, nationality, ethnicity, human genome, citizenship, origin, religion or belief, education, views, political allegiance, personal or social status, disability, age, sexual orientation, marital status, property status, or on any other ground, established by law or an international treaty whereto the Republic of Bulgaria is a party, shall be prohibited". According to Article 4 (2) of the LPD "direct discrimination means the treatment of someone less favourably than another person is, has been or would be treated in a comparable situation, on any of the grounds referred to in Article 4 (1)." According to Article 4 (3) "indirect discrimination means any case where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would put a person, on the grounds referred to in Article 4 (1), at a particular disadvantage compared to other individuals, unless that provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim, and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary".

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    • Does the national law cover all grounds of discrimination as in the International Conventions and EU law or additional discrimination grounds?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The national law covers all forms of discrimination listed in the EU law (Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union), in proposed new EU legislation (Proposal for a Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation) and in other international legal acts (Protocol No. 12 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Council of Europe). Some specific grounds mentioned in individual international acts (e.g. colour, birth, etc.) are not explicitly listed in the Law on Protection against Discrimination (LPD), but nevertheless they apply according to the explicit provision of Article 4 (1) of the LPD that discrimination on any ground, established by an international treaty whereto the Republic of Bulgaria is a party, shall be prohibited.

      As of 2012 the LPD was amended to comply with DIRECTIVE 2010/41/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 July 2010 on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a selfemployed capacity and repealing Council Directive 86/613/EEC.

      External Url http://lex.bg/laws/ldoc/2135472223

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    • Does nationality, citizenship serve as a ground for discrimination in access to public goods and services, employment and/or deprivation of economic and social rights?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 4 (1) of the Law on Protection against Discrimination any direct or indirect discrimination on the grounds of nationality or citizenship is prohibited.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
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    • Does statelessness serve as a ground for discrimination in access to public goods and services and/or deprivation of economic and social rights?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Although statelessness is not explicitly mentioned among the grounds for discrimination under Article 4 (1) of the Law on Protection against Discrimination the prohibition of discrimination on the ground of citizenship covers all cases of discrimination on the ground of statelessness.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
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    • Discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin and/or religion is prohibited in all the areas provided for by the EU Directives?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin and/or religion is prohibited in all areas of public life, including all areas covered by the EU Directive 2000/43/EC. The areas are not explicitly listed in the law but according to Article 6 of Law on Protection against Discrimination the prohibition of discrimination applies to everyone and concerns the exercise and protection of all rights and freedoms proclaimed by the Constitution and the laws of the Republic of Bulgaria.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there specialised bodies/agencies/mechanisms which receive, handle/investigate complaints in discrimination cases?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      There is a specialised equality body called Commission for Protection against Discrimination (CPD), which receives and investigates complaints for cases of discrimination. The CPD is an independent body which forms proceedings based on complaints by private and public entities as well as initiated by the Commission itself.

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    • Are there mechanisms in place to collect data on racial discrimination in line with data protection legislation as an effective means of, monitoring and reviewing policies and practices to combat racial discrimination and promote racial equality?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      There is no mechanism in place, specifically designed to collect data on racial discrimination. The Commission for Protection against Discrimination collects statistical data on the number of received complaints, opened procedures and issued decisions. The data are partly disaggregated by grounds of discrimination but not by any other criteria, including by field of public life.

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    • Does legislation provide for the possibility of adopting special/positive measures prevent or compensate for disadvantages linked to racial or ethnic origin in order to ensure full equality in practice?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 7 (1) 14 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination, special measures in favour of individuals or groups of individuals in disadvantaged position on the grounds of discrimination listed in the law are not considered discriminatory if they are aimed at equalizing their opportunities and if or until such measures are necessary.

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    • Are special/positive measures for securing advancement and protection of certain racial or ethnic groups widely adopted and implemented?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The majority of the special measures are aimed at the integration and equal treatment of the Roma. The measures are based on several strategic documents such as the Framework Program for the Integration of the Roma in Bulgarian Society 2010-2020, the National Program for Improving the Housing Conditions of Roma in Bulgaria for the period 2005-2015, the Strategy for Educational Integration of Children and Students from Ethnic Minorities, the Health Strategy for Disadvantaged Persons Belonging to Ethnic Minorities, the National Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for the Integration of the Roma (2012-2020), and the Action Plan for the Implementation of the National Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for the Integration of the Roma (2012-2020) and the Decade of Roma Inclusion 2005-2015.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Integration - social cohesion
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    • Is the State or are state representatives reported to engage in discriminatory acts or practices by independent authoritative sources?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      In its annual reports on human rights in Bulgaria the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee describes exemplary cases of discrimination, in some of which the offenders are representatives of state institutions.

      As an example can be noted a case of 2007, when a woman of Roma origin complained against the governor of her district that, after her family was placed in a state-owned flat and after she concluded a rental contract with the governor, she was never allowed to buy the apartment pursuant to the law because of endless protraction of procedures. The respondent governor claimed that the applicant did not fulfill any of the conditions for preferential purchase of the apartment, many other tenants were in the same situation and she was still allowed to use the apartment, which was a proof that there was no discrimination. The Commission looked at the regulation for buying state-owned apartments and noted many procedural violations in the treatment of the applicant. The governor was imposed a fine of 500 Leva (250 euro). He was ordered to undertake the necessary measures and finish properly the proceedings for the sale of the apartment to the applicant.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is legal support for victims available from public agencies/bodies? Is there access for victims to assistance and justice?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 47 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination the Commission for Protection against Discrimination (CPD) provides independent assistance to victims of discrimination for the filing of complaints. According to the Rules for the Organisation and Activities of the CPD the Commission’s Legal Unit (part of the Administrative, Legal and Information Services Directorate) provides independent legal assistance to victims of discrimination, while the regional representatives of the CPD provide methodological assistance and offer independent consultations to citizens and individuals concerning the Law on Protection against discrimination. According to the Law on Legal Aid, in court proceedings legal support from the National Legal Aid Bureau is available only if the victim of discrimination satisfies the general conditions for receiving legal aid, i.e. when he/she does not have the necessary resources to pay for a lawyer but wants to have a lawyer and the appointment of the lawyer is in the interest of justice.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Does the law foresee the shift of the burden of proof in civil / administrative procedures? Are there problems of implementation reported by independent authoritative sources?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 9 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination, in the course of the proceedings for protection from discrimination, if the victim of discrimination proves some facts leading to a conclusion that there is discrimination, the other party has to prove that the right of equal treatment has not been violated. The Commission for Protection of Discrimination strictly applies the shift of the burden of proof and there are no reports by independent sources concerning any problems with its implementation. Some problems are reported in relation to the implementation of the shift of the burden of proof by the courts. According to the report “Case law of civil courts under the Law on Protection of Discrimination” published by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee in 2009, the main problems with the implementation of the shift of the burden of proof are related to the scope of facts that the victim has to prove. The report lists several cases where the court has requested the victim to bring evidence for too many facts instead of proving just some of them, which would be sufficient for concluding that there is discrimination. Another problem indicated by the same report is that some courts do not apply the shift of the burden of proof when the claim has been filed not by the victim but by a non-governmental organisation.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Can associations, organisations or other legal entities, who have a legitimate interest, engage, either on behalf or in support of the complainant, with his or her approval, in any judicial and/or administrative procedure concerning discrimination?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 50 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination the Commission for Protection against Discrimination can open proceedings on the basis of a signal by any individual, legal entity or state or municipal authority. According to Article 71 (2) of the Law on Protection against Discrimination, trade unions and their subdivisions as well as non-profit legal entities registered in public benefit can file a claim on behalf of and upon request by the victims. These organisations can also join the proceedings already instituted upon a claim by the victim

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is class action or actio popularis possible? (court claims or action in the name of a group)

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Yes. According to Article 71 (3) of the Law on Protection of Discrimination trade unions and their subdivisions as well as non-profit legal entities registered in public benefit can file their own claim in cases of discrimination when multiple victims have been affected. The victims in such a case have the right to join the proceedings.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are sanctions foreseen/provided by anti-discrimination legislation?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The Law on Protection against Discrimination (LPD) foresees sanctions for violations of the law. According to Article 78 of the LPD the sanction for acts of discrimination is a fine from 250 up to 2000 Levs (approximately from 125 up to 1000 Euro). According to Article 80 of the LPD the sanction for not complying with a decision of the Commission for Protection against Discrimination is from 250 up to 2000 Levs (approximately from 125 up to 1000 Euro); if the violation has been committed in relation to the activities of a legal entity, the sanction for the legal entity is from 250 up to 2500 Levs (approximately from 125 up to 1250 Euro); the sanction for the manager of the legal entity who has allowed for the violation to be committed the sanction is from 200 up to 2000 Levs (approximately from 100 up to 1000 Euro). According to Article 81 of the LPD if the violation has been committed for the second time the amount of the sanction is the double amount of the one imposed for the first violation.

      However, in 2008 Bulgarian courts have not ruled on any compensation under the Law on Protection against Discrimination. In 2009, there was one sanction at the value of app.150 euro and in 2010 - two (of 150 euro and 500 euro).

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
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    • Is there provision within anti-discrimination legislation/practice forfinancial compensation/restitution of rights and are these applied in practice?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to Article 47 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination, the Commission for Protection against Discrimination can order the prevention and termination of the violation and the restoration of the initial situation. Financial compensation can be requested only in the framework of court proceedings. According to Article 71 of the Law on Protection against Discrimination, the victim of discrimination can file a claim to the court asking for: 1. establishment of the violation; 2. sentencing of the offender to stop the violation, restore the initial situation and refrain from other violations in the future; and 3. compensation for damages. There is no available data on whether this is put in practice.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there any problems concerning the implementation of national legislation prohibiting discrimination?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      There are no serious problems concerning the implementation of the national legislation prohibiting discrimination. In its last report on Bulgaria, adopted on 20 June 2008 and published on 24 February 2009, the European Commission against Discrimination and Intolerance (ECRI) identifies only two problems: the insufficient information provided to the general public about the scope and content of the anti-discrimination legislation and the insufficient training of judges and prosecutors on the implementation of this legislation. No serious problems with the implementation of the anti-discrimination legislation have been outlined in the annual reports on human rights in Bulgaria published by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee as well.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Has there been a thorough evaluation/assessment of the effectiveness of the national implementation of EU Anti-discrimination Directives?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      So far, no thorough evaluation or assessment of the effectiveness of the national implementation of the EU anti-discrimination directives has been done in Bulgaria.

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Policing - Law Enforcement - Justice

    The law enforcement and judiciary officials do not undergo regular training on anti-racism or cultural sensitivity. Certain projects are implemented under which a limited number of police officers undergo human rights trainings in an irregular basis. The law enforcement regulations do not define ethnic profiling. Studies by NGOs show that police stops are often motivated by individuals’ ethnicity.

  • Employment

    The unemployment rates of the Turkish and Roma minority groups are lower than those of the Bulgarians. Under official data 87.7% of the Bulgarians in work age are employed, while within the Turkish minority group that share stands at 74.3%. The lowest employment rate is observed within the Roma ethnic group - 50.2% of the population in work age. Unemployment rate of migrants is close to the one of Bulgarians. Data on employment rate among refugees in not available.

  • Housing & Segregation

    The concentration of Roma in segregated neighborhoods is an emerging problem in both urban and rural areas. This concentration in separate quarters usually leads to social isolation, to the deterioration of living conditions, problems with construction and maintenance of infrastructure and sanitation, to transport problems and difficulties in providing services. There have also been examples of forced evictions of Roma families illegally occupying certain territories.

    • Is there evidence of significant levels of segregation between migrant groups and the majority population?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      The number of migrants in Bulgaria is not that high allowing formation of segregated areas.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • What is the ethnic origin of the highly segregated migrant group?

      There are no eminent segregated migrant groups.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of significant levels of segregation between minority groups and the majority population?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Probably the most serious problem faced by Roma is the increasing spatial differentiation of their community. The concentration of Roma in segregated neighborhoods has increased over the last 15 years in both urban and rural areas. This concentration in separate quarters usually leads to social isolation, to the deterioration of living conditions, problems with construction and maintenance of infrastructure and sanitation, to transport problems and difficulties in providing services. One of the worst consequences of this differentiation is the deterioration of the opportunity for younger generations to access quality education and the growing demand and difficulties in finding employment.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.nccedi.government.bg/page.php?category=125&id=1633

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    • What is the ethnic origin of the highly segregated minority group?

      Roma.

      Qualitative Info

      Probably the most serious problem faced by Roma is the increasing spatial differentiation of their community. The concentration of Roma in segregated neighborhoods has increased over the last 15 years in both urban and rural areas. This concentration in separate quarters usually leads to social isolation, to the deterioration of living conditions, problems with construction and maintenance of infrastructure and sanitation, to transport problems and difficulties in providing services. One of the worst consequences of this differentiation is the deterioration of the opportunity for younger generations to access quality education and the growing demand and difficulties in finding employment.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of majority driven segregation ("white flight" phenomenon)?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      There is no historical evidence of such type of segregation. The problem with the housing situation of the Roma has historical roots that go back to the 1960s, when the communist government moved Roma families to two-room houses. As these did not meet the needs of Roma families as they were larger than Bulgarian families, many started to illegally expand these buildings by adding rooms, even entire buildings with inadequate planning and infrastructure. Since 1989 the housing situation for Roma has deteriorated even more than it did for the overall population. The majority of the buildings where Roma live are built without necessary building permits, in contravention of building requirement, and outside of zoning plans of cities. This has made around 25 per cent of Roma housing illegal. The illegal construction has also prevented the inclusion of many buildings in the municipal utility infrastructure (roads, electricity, waste collection, sewerage, or piped water). Even in neighbourhoods where utilities are provided population density is so great that it overloads existing utility services and infrastructure, often resulting in inadequate sanitation, health risks, and communal tensions. Therefore the great majority of Roma neighbourhoods could be described as ghettos. There are occasionally Bulgarians living in these neighborhoods.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of denial of housing/housing rights for certain ethnic groups?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      There have been examples of forced evictions of Roma families illegally occupying certain territories. The forced eviction of Romani families from the Sredetz neighbourhood in the Vazrazhdane district of Sofia was followed by a decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) after which the forced eviction was suspended. Another example is the decision of the European Committee of Social Rights (ECSR) on Complaint No 31/2005, European Roma Rights Centre v. Bulgaria. The ECSR issued a decision concluding that , among all, ‘the lack of legal security of tenure and the non-respect of the conditions accompanying eviction of Roma families from dwellings unlawfully occupied by them’ constitute violations of Article 16 of the Revised European Social Charter taken together with Article E.

      Another case of denial of housing rights concerns the refugees in Bulgaria. Under the national and municipal legislation socially vulnerable families can apply for accessing a municipality-owned residential property. The municipal regulations, however, for example in Sofia, require that at least one member of the applicant families should have been registered at a permanent address in Sofia for at least 10 years without interruption.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://sofiacouncil.bg/?page=ordinance&id=57

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    • Is there evidence that migrant/minority groups face especially serious problems in accessing housing of an acceptable quality?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      According to National Statistical Institute data, in 2011 ethnic Bulgarians have an average of 23.2 square meters living area per person in Roma it is only 10.6 square meters.

      Rural areas in the country have generally poor or no sewerage system which defines the poor living conditions of the majority of Turks, Bulgarian Muslims and nearly half of the Roma. Still 40% of Roma live in homes without running water, using water from outside/street fountains or wells, 75% of Roma dwellings are not connected to the central sewerage system, and in 80% of Roma houses there is no cloakroom.

      The refugee also face serious problems - difficult access to housing because of xenophobia and racism of potential landlords, financial shortages, landlords are getting advantage of the vulnerability of refugees by not signing contracts with them. The refugees do not have access to the public housing due to restrictive application procedures.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
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    • Migrant or minority group which faces especially serious problems in accessing housing of an acceptable quality?

      Roma, Refugees

      Qualitative Info

      No detailed data available.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of particular difficulties faced by migrant/minority groups in purchasing or renting property of their choice?

      Yes, Roma and refugees.

      Qualitative Info

      The Roma face the worst instances of the housing market characteristics such as deteriorating condition of the housing stock, no system for housing subsidies, and difficulty in accessing mortgage loans due to their low purchasing power.

      The most significant difference in the ownership structure between Roma and non-Roma is the greater dependency of Roma on municipal / state-owned housing, where 15 per cent of Roma live in public housing, while only 1 per cent of the surrounding majority did.

      The low personal income and the high unemployment rate of the majority of the Roma ethnic group and the refugees living in the towns or cities prevent them from affording the purchase or renting property of their choice. For a period of one year the State provides financial assistance for housing to those of the newly recognized refugees who attend courses in Bulgarian language.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Affected group with particular difficulties in purchasing or renting property of own choice

      Roma, refugees

      Qualitative Info

      The Roma face the worst instances of the housing market characteristics such as deteriorating condition of the housing stock, no system for housing subsidies, and difficulty in accessing mortgage loans due to their low purchasing power.

      The most significant difference in the ownership structure between Roma and non-Roma is the greater dependency of Roma on municipal / state-owned housing, where 15 per cent of Roma live in public housing, while only 1 per cent of the surrounding majority did.

      The low personal income and the high unemployment rate of the majority of the Roma ethnic group and the refugees living in the towns or cities prevent them from affording the purchase or renting property of their choice. For a period of one year the State provides financial assistance for housing to those of the newly recognized refugees who attend courses in Bulgarian language.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Education

    There is evidence about significantly lower enrollment rates among Roma. School segregation is another main problem regarding the Roma minority. Part of Roma children are enrolled in schools without sufficient knowledge of Bulgarian language and without being mastered basic knowledge and skills necessary to cope in the learning process. Refugees also face problems related to insufficient language skills that impact negatively their educational performance.

    • Practical obstacles and evidence of problems and differential enrollment rates for certain minorities?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      There are many obstacles that ground the significantly lower enrolment rates among Roma. Integration problems and distance are the two main factors discouraging Roma pupils to attend consolidated schools. According to the World Bank, parents are citing the shortage of arrangements (transportation, semi-boarding facilities and school canteens) and the difficult integration with other pupils as the main factors discouraging attendance in rural areas. Besides the financial problems related to the inability to send their children to school thus including them to the “family way of earning the living”, the poor family traditions in education can also be noted.

      The closure of schools in small municipalities as a part of the education reform aiming at cutting costs, resulted in slightly higher dropout rates, especially among the Roma population in rural areas.

      Another specific feature of the Roma group is that functional illiteracy among women is three times more common than in men under Partners Bulgaria Foundation data of 2004. Women take care of the children, their illiteracy or low education are crucial for the educational aspirations and educational success of children.

      Degree/ ethnic group

      %Bulgarian       2011

      %Turkish                      2011

      %Roma                          2011

      Tertiary

      25.6

      4.9

      0.5

      Secondary

      52.3

      29.7

      9.0

      Primary

      18.0

      44.5

      40.8

      Elementary

      3.4

      13.4

      27.9

      Illiterate/ never attended school

      0.9

      7.5

      21.8

      Source: National Statistical Institute data cited in "Project for National Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for Roma Integration", 2011.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BULGARIAEXTN/Resources/305438-1224088560466/Bulgaria_School_Autonomy_Reforms_FINAL_ENG_for_web.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Practical obstacles and evidence of problems and differential enrollment rates for migrants?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Access is critically unfavourable for integration, since children of temporary and undocumented migrants pay fees to access education. Half guarantee access at all education levels. For those lucky enough to attend compulsory education, trained language teachers are supposed to teach standardised Bulgarian programmes. Mother tongues can be taught. Other than that, schools are far less prepared than most in Europe to address new needs and opportunities. The Centre for Educational Integration of Children and Students from Ethnic Minorities helps schools implement intercultural education, but could guarantee more materials, guidelines and evaluations.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://www.mipex.eu/bulgaria

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    • Poorer educational performance by certain groups?

      Poorer educational performance is observed among Roma and refugees

      Qualitative Info

      "Part of Roma children are enrolled in schools without sufficient knowledge of Bulgarian language and without being mastered basic knowledge and skills necessary to cope in the learning process. Social patterns in many groups of Roma, especially in districts with prevailing Roma population, cause additional difficulties for the adaptation of Roma children who had not attended kindergarten in school. Moreover, rural and small town schools are associated with lower scores, which are mainly due to the high number of students from linguistic minorities. Such students are also reported to perform better in small schools than in larger ones." 

      Source: "Project for National Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for Roma Integration", 2012

      Refugees also face problems with educational performance. After status recognition both children and adults undergo a mandatory six-month Bulgarian language course.  It can be combined with a course of social orientation and cultural adaptation. After graduating that course the children pass exams which aim at identifying the level of their knowledge in order to be positioned in the Bulgarian educational system. There are NGOs which provide additional courses of the same kind. However, that training proves to be insufficient for the children to adapt normally to the educational system.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://www.aref.government.bg/?cat=16

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    • Problems with educational attainement by certain groups (drop out - fragmentation of educational experience)?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Dropout rates among the Roma, although improving during the past few years, are disproportionately high compared to other ethnic groups. In a survey, held by Vitosha research in 2007 and published in "Reasons for Children Dropping Out of School", 74% of the children who leave school are Roma, 12.4% are Turks and 10.1% are Bulgarian. Among the main reasons pointed out by the parents are: lack of funding for food and clothes (41.4%), the child experienced difficulties in studying (35.7%), lack of funding for textbooks and notebooks (29.5%), poor interest in education (24.4%). Among the top reasons given by teachers in primary schools are: lack of interest by parents (54.2%), lack of finances (49.5%), problems in the family, e.g. divorce, domestic violence, alcoholism (37.5%), and parents who do not allow their children to go to school (35.9%).

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url www.vitosha-research.com/fileSrc.php?id=2122

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    • Are there positive initiatives to improve/support poor educational provision for migrant and minority groups?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Centre for Educational Integration of Children and Students from Ethnic Minorities (CEICSEM) was established by Decree 4 of the Council of Ministers from 11 January 2005. CEICSEM was created to support the implementation of government policies regarding the educational needs of children and students from ethnic minorities. It funds projects aiming at improving the quality of education of students of ethnic minorities, at promoting equality and facing specific needs of the minority pupils in different regions.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://coiduem.mon.bg/en/index.php

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    • Victimisation in schools (bullying/harassment/racist violence) ?

      There is no official data available.

      Qualitative Info

      In September 2009, the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee published a report ‘Discrimination and Protection against Discrimination in the Attitude of the Majority and among the Vulnerable Groups in Bulgaria’.  The report studies, through focus group discussions, the discriminatory attitude of the majority towards vulnerable groups and the experience of the representatives of six vulnerable groups (Roma, Bulgarian Muslims, refugees, disabled, homosexual, and women protection organisations). The Roma respondents reported that Roma pupils who go to school with Bulgarian children are often verbally harassed because of their ethnic background which finally results in the leaving of the school. They complain that school principals do not do enough to defend the Roma in such situations. School children admit that when discriminated against they talk to their parents and when expressing their will to file a complaint their parents discourage them by saying that complaining is pointless.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://issuu.com/bghelsinki/docs/discrimination_effectivenessadregime-1-

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    • Provision of option to learn mother language other than the majority's

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Education in mother tongue is a part of the primary and secondary curricula as a selective subject. Students state that they are willing to study mother tongue and they specify which their mother tongue is. In 2010/2011 under  Ministry of Education data cited by "В Родопите: 7 часа турски, 5 часа български ", Trud Daily of 19 April 2011, school year a total of 13,536 pupils took advantage of that option. The highest share of pupils study Turkish –  6,678 (compared to 19,800 during the previous year), only 28 pupils are studying Romani language, 134 children were studying Hebrew in 2010, 151 children study Armenian, and 28 children studied Greek in 2010. 27 children study Arabian and less than 10 - English or Czech.

      The embassies of many countries in Bulgaria offer language courses, for which permission from the Bulgarian authorities is not required, and they work under the rules of their home countries, said Mrs. Petya Evtimova, deputy Minister of the Education, cited in "В Родопите: 7 часа турски, 5 часа български ", Trud Daily of 19 April 2011.

      The newly voted National Strategy of the Republic of Bulgaria for Roma Integration 2012 – 2020, and the action plan for its implementation foresee the implementation of bilingual technologies for education of children with mother tongue other than Bulgarian.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://www.nccedi.government.bg/page.php?category=125&id=1633

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Evidence of school segregation and/or policies of separate/distinct schooling of migrants

      No.

      Qualitative Info

       The number of migrants in Bulgaria is not that high allowing formation of segregated schooling.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Evidence of school segregation and/or policies of separate/distinct schooling of minorities

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      School segregation is a main problem regarding the Roma minority. It can be considered as a consequence of, among all, the residential segregation.  The quality of education in the so called “Roma schools” is significantly lower than the other schools. In its report entitled ‘A Review of the Bulgaria School Autonomy Reforms’ the World Bank, citing data of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Science, says that the number of segregated Roma schools has declined from 105 to 64 in 2010 due to the school consolidation reforms and the desegregation efforts of the authorities.

      There have been numerous projects supporting the desegregation process during the past years. According to Ministry of Labour and Social Policy a total of 5,633 Roma children have been integrated in mainstream schools.     

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BULGARIAEXTN/Resources/305438-1224088560466/Bulgaria_School_Autonomy_Reforms_FINAL_ENG_for_web.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Health And Social Protection

    More than 33% of the Roma of the age of above 15 have never paid health insurance and thus deprived from the rights of health-insured persons, compared to some 6.0% of the Bulgarians. Different epidemics are specific to the Roma group. They are related to the ineffectiveness of immunisation campaigns among the inhabitants of segregated Roma neighbourhoods.

    • Is there evidence of increased morbidity rates for minority and migrant groups?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Under a research carried out by the Open Society Institute Sofia in 2007, more than half of the Roma define their health as “satisfactory”, “poor”, or “very poor”. This is by 12% higher than country’s average according to the Eurobarometer data on Bulgaria. Under the OSI survey in more of 30% of the Roma families there is at least one member with recognized heavy disease or a certain share of disablement.

      How do you access your own health?

      %

      Very good

      12,7

      Good

      32,8

      Satisfactory

      27,3

      Poor

      16,6

      Very poor

      7,7

      Cannot say

      1,4

      Not answered

      1,4

      Source: „Health Status of Roma“, Open Society Institute Sofia, 2007.

      There is no data or researches on the healthcare status of Turks, migrants and refugees.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of increased mortality rates for minority and migrant groups?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      “The ratio of the indicator of total mortality among Roma, Turks and Bulgarian is 1:1,5:2 in 2006. The mortality rate is highest among Bulgarians (15.0‰), followed by the Turks with (10.3‰), and lowest among Roma (7.3 ‰).”

      Source: “National Security and the Demographic Problem of Bulgaria”, in: International Relations, 1-2006, pp.30-54

      The child mortality rate among Roma is reported to be higher than country’s average, however no data is available.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of forced heatlhcare/intervention practices to minorities?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

       There is no data available on which such conclusion can be made.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Specific health issues such as diseases specific to particular groups

      There are occasionally epidemics which are associated specifically with the Roma group.

      Qualitative Info

      These are related to the ineffectiveness of immunisation campaigns among the inhabitants of segregated Roma neighbourhoods. The rapid spread of diseases is also prompted by negative factors that affect the overall health status of the segregated communities, including overpopulation, poor sanitary conditions and lack of hygiene.  

      As an example, an epidemic of measles, affecting almost exclusively the Roma minority, was registered in 2010.  Under an Amalipe Center data Бюлетин на Център Амалипе 05/2010 a total of 14,470 people were affected from January to April 2010 according to reports of non-governmental organisations. Between 94 % and 98% of the victims of the disease in different parts of the country were of Roma origin and 10 of the 19 cases resulting in death of the patients were Roma minors.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Differential access to social protection system and benefits - Do some or more categories of migrants minorities or stateless/non-citizens face limitations and restrictions?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The Bulgarian legislation in healthcare requires regular payment of health insurance installments in order to avoid discontinuation in the rights of health-insured persons. According to "Health Status of Roma“, Open Society Institute Sofia, 2007, the level of health insurance installment payment among Roma is very low – more than 33% of the Roma of the age of above 15 have never paid health insurance, compared to some 6.0% of the Bulgarians.

      The health insurance problem is closely related to the long-term and permanent unemployment.

      Under the Law on Health, all persons in Bulgaria have access to emergency aid. This is the only type of healthcare available for illegal migrants.

      Medical services are not offered in languages other than Bulgarian and the communication barrier between the patient and the medical practitioner jeopardizes the access and quality of healthcare for refugees.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Do migrants have a higher risk of poverty than the rest of the population?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      A survey on the rights of migrants carried out by the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee in 2006, 41.8% of the migrants survied believe that their standard of living and remuneration is comparable to the national average. Some 29.3% of migrants consider their salary higher or more than double than average, 14.8% say their standard of living and remuneration is lower or significantly lower than country’s average. Only 17.2% of women compared to 36.1% of men consider their remuneration higher or much higher than Bulgaria’s average. A total of 25.4% of women and only 8.8% of male migrants, on the other hand, determine the standard of living as a lower or significantly lower than average.

      Source: Research of the Rights of Migrants in Bulgaria from a Human Rights Perspective, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee, November 2006.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection

      External Url http://old.bghelsinki.org/upload/resources/MigrantsRightsReportENG-1.doc

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence that migrant or minority women are particularly vulnerable in accessing and receiving effective health care services?

      There is no sufficient data to provide a definite answer.

      Qualitative Info

      According to the report “Health and the Roma Community, Analysis of the situation in Europe: Preliminary Report on Bulgaria 2009”, Roma women are not in vulnerable position regarding reproductive healthcare services. A total of 69% of Roma women at the age of 16 and above have been to preventive check-ups.

      According to Research of the Rights of Migrants in Bulgaria from a Human Rights Perspective, Bulgarian Helsinki Committee 2006, 60 % of Migrant women are registered at a General Physician’s office.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection

      External Url http://www.gitanos.org/upload/87/58/BULGARIA-final-baja.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there policies and/or good practices accomodating culture/ traditions' respect in health care

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      Such practices or policies cannot be found. A positive trend, however, is the increase in the percentage of Roma and Turkish minority employed in the health sector. From the year 2007 to 2010 the share of members of the Turkish minority working in the health sector increased from 2 per cent to 5.9 per cent, while the Roma increased from 1.8 per cent to 3.3 per cent for the same period.[1]



      [1] A. Пампоров (2010) ‘Ефекти от кризата върху българи, турци и роми’, in: Политики, No 7/2010, available at: http://politiki.bg/?cy=183&lang=1&a0i=223581&a0m=readInternal&a0p_id=699

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection

      External Url http://politiki.bg/?cy=183&lang=1&a0i=223581&a0m=readInternal&a0p_id=699

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Political & Civic Participation

    Under the Bulgarian Election Code migrants cannot vote or run for in Parliamentary elections.  EU citizens with residence of at least six months in an EU country can run for the EU Parliament. There is no evidence that the public bodies have specific policy to reflect the ethnic diversity of the society. However, representatives of the two largest ethnic minorities can be found among the management of different government bodies.

  • Public Life, Culture, Sport & Media

    Self-identification of individuals is the only criterion for recognition of minority or ethnic groups' rights by the state. The State generally respects the freedom of peaceful assembly and the freedom of association for migrants. However, the ECtHR has repeatedly sentenced Bulgaria for denying the right of association by refusing to register OMO Ilinden Pirin - an organization that promotes the recognition of Macedonian minority in Bulgaria.

    • Is self-identification of individuals/groups a criterion for recognition and respect of minority or ethnic cultural linguistic religious groups' rights by the state/government?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The "Strategy on National Security" of 2011 says: "The country has established legal instruments and has built institutions to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms including the right to self-determination, freedom of self-organization for the development of communities forming on ethnicity, age, religious, professional or other status."

      External Url http://www.strategy.bg/StrategicDocuments/View.aspx?lang=bg-BG&Id=671

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Association: are there restrictions of the freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of association for migrants

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      The State generally respects the freedom of peaceful assembly and the freedom of association for migrants.  There are numerous associations and cultural centres of representatives of different migrant groups, however no data  on their number is available. Such organisations are the Association of the Palestinians in Bulgaria and the Council of Refugee Women in Bulgaria.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Association: are there restrictions of the of the freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of association for minorities

      No, but restrictions apply on constitution of political parties on ethnic, cultural religion grounds.

      Qualitative Info

      Since the beginning of the political changes in the early 1990s the political representation of the Turkish minority has been practically monopolized by the Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS). It is obvious that the Movement is an ethnically based political party. This obviously contradicts Art. 11 (4) of the Constitution of Bulgaria: “There shall be no political parties on ethnic, racial or religious lines...”. A  Constitutional Court decision defined that the Movement for Rights and Freedoms is established and functioning in accordance with the Constitution.

      The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly sentenced Bulgaria for denying the right of association by refusing to register OMO Ilinden Pirin - an organization that promotes the recognition of Macedonian minority in Bulgaria. In 1999 OMO Ilinden Pirin was registered as a party and in 2000 was declared unconstitutional under Art. 11 of the Constitution. In 2005 and in 2006, the ECHR rules against Bulgaria for violation of the right of association. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe does monitoring of the implementation of the judgment, which is closed in 2009. The last Ruling (CASE OF THE UNITED MACEDONIAN ORGANISATION ILINDEN AND OTHERS v. BULGARIA (No. 2)(Application no. 34960/04)) of 18 October 2011 imposes another fine. Regarding the Bulgarian Government’s position the above cited ruling says: “The grounds given by the national courts for their refusal to register Ilinden could be split in two groups. The first consisted of the real ones – that the registration of an organisation of the Macedonian minority would, by endowing it with a legal status, imperil the country’s sovereignty and the nation’s unity. All three levels of court had relied on such grounds, which were indicative of the authorities’ enduring prejudice against the Macedonian minority. The second group consisted of formal grounds whose purpose was to conceal the real ones. The first such ground – a purported problem with the number of members of Ilinden’s managing council – could have been spotted by the first-instance court and easily rectified. The second one – the bar on associations pursuing political aims – was equally just a pretext to refuse registration, as evident from the earlier refusals to register Ilinden.”

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Political discourse -parties - orgs

      External Url http://cmiskp.echr.coe.int/tkp197/view.asp?action=html&documentId=893877&portal=hbkm&source=externalbydocnumber&table=F69A27FD8FB86142BF01C1166DEA398649

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Religion: Persons belonging to minorities face legal and practical obstacles in exercising or manifesting their religion or belief?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      There are no systematic violations of the freedom of exercising their religion. The most serious incident is of October 2010. The State Agency “National Security” held an operation in south-western Bulgaria against alleged associates of the Bulgarian branch of a radical Islamist group. During the operation the police performed searches and confiscated religious literature, CDs and a computer. The operation was accompanied with indignation by the local Muslim population. In the village of Laznitsa the agents were blocked in a house by the villagers who said they would not let the agents out before they returned the confiscated literature. The Regional Prosecutor’s office later said that three persons were convicted in belonging to the Alwakf Alislami organization.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Religious minorities
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Media: Are there positive measures for promoting or restrictions for Migrant and minority media?

      There are no restrictions for migrant/minority media.

      Qualitative Info

      The Bulgarian National Television (BNT) broadcasts news in Turkish on a daily basis and the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) has programmes in Turkish three times a day in specific regions. There are regional cable TV channels and radio stations in minority languages with limited coverage. The Bulgarian National Television broadcasts a programme “Romani Lumia – the World of Roma”, which promotes the Roma culture.

      There are several newspapers of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria, published in Turkish. The Roma newspapers such as Drom Dromendar, Akana, the Jewish community newspaper Еврейски вести [Jewish News] and the three Armenian newspapers – Ереван [Erevan Weekly], Вахан [Vahan], and Арменци [Armenians biweekly] are published in Bulgarian.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Media
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Media: Are there positive measures for promoting or restrictions for minority and lesser used language in the media?

      There is insufficient media in minority languages.

      Qualitative Info

      The Bulgarian National Television (BNT) broadcasts news in Turkish on a daily basis and the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) has programmes in Turkish three times a day in specific regions. There are regional cable TV channels and radio stations in minority languages with limited coverage. There are several newspapers of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria, published in Turkish.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Linguistic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Media
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Sport: Effective participation of migrants in sport

      In amateur or professional sport there are no practical obstacles for migrants in participating, excluding to some extent the professional football.

      Qualitative Info

      In football, there is a limit of five third country nationals per team. Third country nationals should also obtain a work permit from the Employment Agency in order to sign a contract. The participation of EU nationals is not subject to any restrictions. However, players coming from non-EU countries, which are members of the European Economic Area, are also treated as third country nationals.

       Restrictions in other sports may only be applied as to the number of foreigners playing for one team, but this will be done only if it is necessary to comply with international standards or regulations.

      In football, the number of foreign players in Bulgaria’s primary championship “A Group” for the season of 2011/2012 is 75, 20 of them come from Brazil.[1] There are no statistics on the representation of foreigners, migrants and representatives of ethnic minorities in other sports.

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Sport
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Sport: Effective participation of minorities in sport

      The Roma minority is reported to be underrepresented in sports.

      Qualitative Info

      According to NGOs Roma are almost excluded from professional sport. However, there are no studies on the reasons for this situation. Representatives of NGOs believe this is primarily due to the negative attitude of managers and trainers rather than to specific rules and provisions.

      In amateur sports there are many players of Turkish ethnic origin, especially in the teams from the north-east and the south parts of the country where the prevailing part of the Turkish minority lives. There are also many Roma players, especially in the youth teams.

      According to NGOs,[1] Roma are significantly underrepresented in children's and youth sport and this is due to the negative attitudes of trainers and parents towards the Roma, e.g. parents of ethnic Bulgarian children do not like their children to play together with Roma children in the same team. NGOs implementing projects on the integration of Roma children through sport report about such problems from their own experience. According to representatives of such NGOs' it is difficult to convince teachers and parents to support the organisation of sport events with the participation of Roma and other children. NGOs also report that such problems occur only in relation to the Roma minority and are completely missing when other ethnic groups in the country are concerned.

      NGOs also report that the underrepresentation of Roma in children's and youth sport is often linked to the segregation in education. Sport activities are seen as closely related to children's education and the fact that Roma children study in separate schools or classes usually leads to their exclusion from the sport activities on school level.



      [1] Center for the Study of Democracy (2009) Interview with senior representative of CEGA Foundation (14.04.2009), Interview with senior representative of Open Society Institute - Sofia (21.04.2009)

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Ethnic minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Sport
      See other countriesSee indicator history