The Race Directive has been transposed into national law through  the Discrimination Act (2008:567), but the concept of race is not used in Government official documents. Instead, the term 'ethnic discrimination' is used, which does not fully capture discrimination based on skin colour. Racist and xenophobic discourse are gaining space at the political and public sphere, although anti-racist organisations providing support to victims are numerous and relatively effective. There is evidence of ethnic profiling exercised by Police, while segregation concerning housing, education and, media and sports affects minorities and migrants in particular Roma.

 

Clear
  • Anti-discrimination Legislation & Implementation

     

     

    Sweden adopted a new Anti-Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567) which came into force on 1 January 2009 and merged the anti-discrimination legislation into one law and extended the scope of protection. The different Ombudsmen were merged into a single institution. Regarding human rights, Sweden is still in the process of establishing an accreditated National Institution for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.

    • Is racial discrimination defined in national law?

      Yes, except that the concept of ethnicity is used instead of race.

      Qualitative Info

      The concept of ethnicity in the Discrimination Act (2008:567) is defined as “national or ethnic origin, skin colour or similar circumstance” (Ch. 1 Sec. 5 p. 3).  The definitions of racial, ethnic origin or religion are in conformity with the Race Directive except that the concept of ethnicity is used instead of race.


      Source: Discrimination Act (2008:567) , http://www.do.se/Documents/pdf/new_discrimination_law.pdf (accessed 03.03.2012).

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Afrophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination

      External Url http://www.do.se/Documents/pdf/new_discrimination_law.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a definition of discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin and/or religion in national law in conformity with the EU Directives?

      Yes, in the Discrimination Act (2008:567) the definitions of racial, ethnic origin or religion are in conformity with the Race Directive except that the concept of ethnicity is used instead of race.

       
       

      Qualitative Info

      In the Discrimination Act (2008:567) the grounds of discrimination covered are: national or ethnic origin, skin colour or other similar circumstance.    Below are the definitions of discrimination found in Section 4 of the Discrimination Act (2008:567) that corresponds to Art. 2 of the Race Directive.

      1. Direct discrimination occures where a person is treated less favourably than 
      someone else is treated, has been treated or would have been treated in a comparable 
      situation, if this treatment is associated, inter alia, with that person's ethnicity or religion.   
      2. Indirect discrimination occurs where someone is treated less favourably by the application of a provision, a 
      criterion or a procedure that appears neutral but that may put people of, inter alia, a certain ethnicity or a certain religion at a particular disadvantage, unless the provision, criterion or procedure has a legitimate purpose and the means that are 
      used are appropriate and necessary to achieve that purpose.  
      3. Harassment: conduct that violates a person’s dignity and that is associated with one of the 
      protected grounds of discrimination (which include ethnicity and religion).  
       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers

      Type (R/D)

      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of disability
      • On grounds of other belief

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Employment - labour market
      • Housing
      • Health and social protection
      • Education
      • Culture
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/11/81/87/f6e1a2b8.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Does the national law cover all grounds of discrimination as in the International Conventions and EU law or additional discrimination grounds?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Directive 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC are now implemented mainly by the new Discrimination Act. To a large extent, Swedish law is in conformity with the Directives and, especially as regards disability, religion and other belief as well as sexual orientation, domestic law goes beyond the requirements of the Directives.

      The government is of the opinion that protection against discrimination, in principle, should be as harmonised as possible regardless of the protected group. This harmonisation means that Sweden in several ways goes beyond the requirements of the directives. 

      The Discrimination Act (Swedish Code of Statutes 2008:567), covers:

      – sex
      – transgender identity or expression
      – ethnic origin
      – religion or other belief
      – disability
      – sexual orientation
      – age
       

      Sweden has not ratified Protocol 12 to the ECHR which covers nationality. 


      Source:The Swedish government, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/11/80/10/4bb17aff.pdf (accessed 2011-12-20)

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of disability
      • On grounds of other belief

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination

      External Url http://www.do.se/Documents/pdf/new_discrimination_law.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Anti-racist Crime Legislation & Implementation

     

     

    The provision on agitation against a national or ethnic group in the Penal Code is the main provision implementing the Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. There are criminal provisions on hate speech are found in the two constitutional laws and in the Swedish Penal Code. There is also aggravating circumstances concerning common offences with a racist motive. Despite existing legislation, the majority of the police authorities, as well as the Swedish Prosecution Authority and the Swedish National Courts Administration do not have anybody working specifically with questions relating to hate crime. The Chancellor of Justice is not effectively taking cases to court regarding crimes of incitement to racial hatre.  In 2010 the Chancellor of Justice decided to initiate investigations only on five cases out of the 140 received. 

     

     

    • Is there legislation against racist and hate crime?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

       

      Several existing legal provisions address racist violence and other hate crimes. The criminal provisions on hate speech are found in the two constitutional laws, Freedom of Press (Tryckfrihetsförordningen) and Freedom of Speech (Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen) Acts and in the Swedish Penal Code Ch. 16 para 8 (Brottsbalken 16:8).

      Aggravating circumstances concerning common offences with a racist motive,  Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code provides for the racist motives of offenders to be taken into account as an aggravating circumstance when sentencing in cases of criminal acts such as assault, unlawful threat, molestation and inflicting damage. The aggravating circumstances include: ‘a motive for the crime was to aggrieve a person, ethnic group or some other similar group of people by reason of race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religious belief, sexual orientation or other similar circumstance’.

      Sweden has not ratified the Additional Protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of disability
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Employment - labour market
      • Housing
      • Health and social protection
      • Education
      • Culture
      • Media
      • Internet
      • Sport
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs
      • Political participation
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.bra.se/extra/pod/?action=pod_show&id=1&module_instance=11

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a legal definition of racist-hate crime?

      No. One problem with recording hate crimes in Sweden is that there isn’t a common definition of hate crimes between the different authorities.

      Qualitative Info

       

      One problem with recording hate crimes in Sweden is that there isn’t a common definition of hate crimes between the different authorities. The government body that gathers statistics on is the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebygganderådet, Brå). These reports are primarily a statistical summary of the hate crimes reported to the police. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention categories hate crimes according to xenophobic/racist (Afrophobic, anti-Roma), antireligious (Islamophobia, anti-Semitistic or other antireligious motives), homophobic, biphobic, heterophobic and transphobic hate crimes.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Majority
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Intra-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Employment - labour market
      • Housing
      • Health and social protection
      • Education
      • Culture
      • Media
      • Internet
      • Sport
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.bra.se/extra/news/?module_instance=23&id=6

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a legal definition of hate speech?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

      Several existing legal provisions address racist violence and other hate crimes. The criminal provisions on hate speech are found in the two constitutional laws, Freedom of Press (Tryckfrihetsförordningen) and Freedom of Speech (Yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen) Acts and in the Swedish Penal Code Ch. 16 para 8 (Brottsbalken 16:8).

      Aggravating circumstances concerning common offences with a racist motive,  Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code provides for the racist motives of offenders to be taken into account as an aggravating circumstance when sentencing in cases of criminal acts such as assault, unlawful threat, molestation and inflicting damage. The aggravating circumstances include: ‘a motive for the crime was to aggrieve a person, ethnic group or some other similar group of people by reason of race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religious belief, sexual orientation or other similar circumstance’.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Intra-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of disability
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Employment - labour market
      • Housing
      • Health and social protection
      • Education
      • Culture
      • Media
      • Internet
      • Sport
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs
      • Political participation
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Integration - social cohesion
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.bra.se/extra/news/?module_instance=23&id=6

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there legal definitions of racist incident and racist violence?

      No. There is no distinct legal definition of racist incident, although racist motivation is an aggravating circumstance in sentencing, Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code. 

       

      Qualitative Info

      There is no distinct legal definition of racist incident or racist violence although racist motivation is an aggravating circumstance in sentencing, Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code. 

      Lack of a clear definition of 'racist incident', 'racist violence' or 'racist motive' lead to no police case ever initiated on these grounds, although NGOs, international and civil society racist violence reporting mechanisms, report of  racist attacks and incidents occuring in Sweden.


      Source: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebygganderådet, Brå), http://www.bra.se/extra/pod/?action=pod_show&id=53&module_instance=11

      Government Bill, Hate speech, Prop. 2001/02:59,  http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/09/18/177a98a8.pdf

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Majority
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Intra-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Culture
      • Media
      • Internet
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.bra.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a legislation penalising, or prohibiting the establishment of, organisations which promote, incite, propagate or organize racial discrimination against an individual or group of individuals? Is membership of such organisations treated as an offence under the law?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

       

      In the recent report from the CERD, concern was raised about the increased reports about racially motivated hate crimes and the spread of white power music and propaganda. The Committee recommended that: The State party should intensify its efforts to prevent, combat, and prosecute racially motivated offences and hate speech and to ensure that relevant criminal law provisions and existing policy directives are effectively implemented”. In addition, the Committee recommended that “. “The State party should introduce a common definition of hate crime to be used by all the authorities involved in combating such crimes.”

      While noting the existence of legal provisions giving effect to article 4, and the State party’s position that its legislation meets the requirements of the Convention, the Committee remains concerned about the absence of any explicit criminal law provisions declaring illegal and prohibiting organizations promoting and inciting racial hatred. (art.4). The Committee reiterates its recommendation that the State party review its position on the prohibition of racist organizations and amend its legislation to bring it in line with article 4(b) of the Convention. The Committee is concerned that the transfer of the mandate and functions article 4 of the Convention, according to which all provisions of article 4 are of a mandatory character.


      Source: The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), Concluding observations of the Committee, CERD/C/SWE/CO/18 , 21 August 2008,   http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/sessions.htm

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Majority
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Intra-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Internet
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/docs/E.C.12.SWE.CO.5.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there an independent assessment of the impact of anti-racist legislation and its application in practice?

      Yes. 

      Qualitative Info

      In conjunction with the adoption of the new Anti-discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567), which came into force 1 January 2009, a new agency was established by merging the four previous anti-discrimination ombudsmen: the Equality Ombudsman (DO). The Equality Ombudsman is mandated to supervise compliance with the Anti-discrimination Act, to combat discrimination and promote equal rights and opportunities for everyone. A central task for DO is to investigate complaints of discrimination. This may include representing the victim of discrimination in settlement proceedings or, ultimately, in a court of law. The Ombudsman can also, for example, make independent surveys, reports and recommendations. The purpose of having a single Ombudsman on anti-discrimination issues is that it will ensure a more effective and powerful monitoring of compliance with the Act. This merger is also expected to improve the conditions for dealing with cases of multiple discrimination. The Equality Ombudsman can apply to the new Board against Discrimination for a financial penalty to be ordered against employers and education providers that do not fulfil their obligation to take active measures. 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there an estimate or evidence that hate crime cases/incidents are under-reported disproportionately in relation to other crimes?

      No, there is not an estimate or evidence that hate crime cases/incidents are under-reported disproportionately in relation to other crimes. 

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Integration - social cohesion
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is policing reported to be adequate in terms of combating racist violence/hate crime effectively?

      No, although in some cities such as Stockholm, the police has established a Hate crime Unit, established to combate hate crimes.  These interventions are not nation-wide and there is lack of resources still in combating racial hate crimes and violence.

      Qualitative Info

      One of the major initiatives by the Swedish Police Service is the establishment of a Hate Crime Unit in Stockholm. The Hate Crime Unit has continued to evolve. From October 2009, there are hate crime coordinators in each district. They serve as contact persons together with the Hate Crime Unit and the County Bureau of Investigation, working with coordination, monitoring, and method development and providing information on hate crimes.  At the Hate Crime, six policemen including a squad leader, a preliminary investigator and four investigators are employed.


      Source: The Swedish Police in Stockholm, http://www.polisen.se/

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Intra-ethnic
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.polisen.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is the judiciary reported to be adequately and effectively combating racist violence/hate crime?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      In 2010, Brå sent out a survey to the authorities in the judicial system with questions about their work against hate crime. The questionnaire responses show that an absolute majority of the police authorities, as well as the Swedish Prosecution Authority and the Swedish National Courts Administration do not have anybody working specifically with questions relating to hate crime. However, four of the police authorities have individuals who work full time with these questions. Some police authorities, such as Stockholm County with its hate crime unit, have continued working actively against hate crime during 2011.


      Source: www.bra.se

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url www.bra.se

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • In the context of hate crime, is racist motivation treated as an aggravating circumstance?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

      Aggravating circumstances concerning common offences with a racist motive,  Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code provides for the racist motives of offenders to be taken into account as an aggravating circumstance when sentencing in cases of criminal acts such as assault, unlawful threat, molestation and inflicting damage. The aggravating circumstances include: ‘a motive for the crime was to aggrieve a person, ethnic group or some other similar group of people by reason of race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religious belief, sexual orientation or other similar circumstances.


      Source: The Swedish Penal Code, Chapter 29, section 2 (7). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Inter-ethnic
      • Nationalism
      • Homophobia
      • On grounds of disability
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/77/77/cb79a8a3.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • If there is a legal provision on racist motivation as an aggravating factor, how often is it applied? What kind of sanctions/penalties are issued?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

       

      Existing Swedish legislation complies with the provisions of the Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law. The provision on agitation against a national or ethnic group in the Penal Code is the main provision implementing the Framework Decision. The text of the provisions transposing the obligations under the Framework Decision into Swedish law was transmitted to the Council and the Commission on 28 November 2010.

       

      Aggravating circumstances concerning common offences with a racist motive,  Chapter 29, section 2 (7) of the Penal Code provides for the racist motives of offenders to be taken into account as an aggravating circumstance when sentencing in cases of criminal acts such as assault, unlawful threat, molestation and inflicting damage. The aggravating circumstances include: ‘a motive for the crime was to aggrieve a person, ethnic group or some other similar group of people by reason of race, colour, national or ethnic origin, religious belief, sexual orientation or other similar circumstances.

       

       


       

      Source: 

      The Swedish Penal Code, Chapter 29, section 2 (7), http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/77/77/cb79a8a3.pdf

      Hate crimes, 2010, the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention (Brottsförebygganderådet, Brå), http://www.bra.se/extra/pod/?action=pod_show&id=75&module_instance=11

       

       

       

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Intra-ethnic
      • On grounds of other belief
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Daily life
      • Religion

      External Url http://www.bra.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Does national legislation provide specific sanctions against public servants reported as perpetrators of racist violence/hate crime?

      No, there are no specific sanctions against public servants reported as perpetrators of racist violence/hate crime. 

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Have public servants been reported as being perpetrators of racist violence/hate crime?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

      A County politician representing the nationalist xenophobic party, The Sweden Democrats, which is in the Swedish parliament, was forced to resign from his job after sending racist emails to the daily newspaper, Svenska Dagbladet. In one of his letters he wrote that "Are those who come from earthen floors totally nuts?". The email came following a series of articles published by SvD describing the conditions of several rental properties in the Stockholm suburbs of Rinkeby and Tensta both of which have a high concentration of immigrant residents. The articles detailed problems with mold and other problems which had been ignored by landlords. After reading the articles, the politician sent emails to the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet. He wrote that:  "They not only bring their dyslexia with them, but also a total lack of culture and knowledge, as well as bedbugs, lice, and cockroaches, and like in the picture, their detrimental effect on our homes". In an email reviewed by Sveriges Radio and sent in 2008, prior to election to the local council in Knivsta, he wrote to several politicians asking, "Why should we get stressed out over how to provide for your negroes?". In an interview with the politician, he stood by the opinions expressed in the email, but explained they belonged to him as a private individual and did not represent the views of his political party. The Sweden Democrats announced in February 2011, that the politician was leaving the party and his position at the local council in Knivsta.


       

      Source: The Local (2011.02.02), http://www.thelocal.se/31782/20110202/

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing
      • Political discourse -parties - orgs

      External Url http://www.thelocal.se/31782/20110202/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Political Parties-organisations - Racist & Xenophobic Discourse

     

     

    The far-right nationalist party, Swedish Democrats (Sverigedemokraterna, SD) polled 5.7% and won 20 parliamentary seats in the  2010 general election. The Sweden Democrats leader, Jimmie Åkesson expressed racist and xenophobic sentiments in the form of hate speech towards Muslims stating that  ”Islam is the biggest threat to Sweden since World War II”. The party also promote an anti-migrant and anti-minority agenda. 

    • Are there political parties that express racist or xenophobic sentiments/discourse in the form of hate speech or promote an anti-migrant and/or anti-minority agenda?

      Yes, The Swedish Democrats (Sverigedemokrater, SD). The party polled 5.7% and won 20 parliamentary seats in the  2010 general election

      Qualitative Info

       

      In the 2010 general election, the Sweden Democrats for the first time crossed the four percent threshold necessary for parliamentary representation. This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigrant movements in Europe.The party polled 5.7% and won 20 parliamentary seats. However, former Swedish Democratic MP William Petzäll left the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat, leaving the party with 19 seats in the parliament. 

       

      The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a failure. SD feels that the current situation with a large number of immigrants living in cultural enclaves is not beneficial for the country.  As the party considers Sweden to have had too much immigration in later years, which it claims have seriously threatened national identity and societal cohesion, SD wants to reinstate a common Swedish national identity which in turn would mean a stronger inner solidarity. SD rejects the policy of multiculturalism, but accepts a multiethnic society where cultural assimilation is promoted. SD wishes to strongly restrict immigration, and give generous support for immigrants who instead of wanting to assimilate in Sweden voluntarily prefer to emigrate back to their country of origin. 

       

       

      Jimmie Åkesson, the party leader of the Sweden Democrats, claimed in an article published in the Swedish News paper, Aftonbladet, 19 October 2009, that Islam is the biggest threat to Sweden since World War II.6 The anti-racist organization Centre against Racism (Centrum Mot Rasism), reported the case to the Chancellor of Justice (JK), stating that the statements by Jimmie Åkesson, head of the far-right Sweden Democrats were tantamount to agitation against Muslims. The Center against Racism also reported Aftonbladet to the JK for publishing and spreading the article. In the article, Åkesson states that”more than ten Muslim terrorist organizations have established themselves in Sweden”. Further, he goes on saying that Sweden has the most rapes in Europe, and that Muslim men are highly overrepresented among the perpetrators. The case was refused by the Chancellor of Justice who didn’t consider Åkesson’s article as violating Swedish rules governing the freedom of expression.


      Source:

       

      Aftonbladet, ”Muslimerna är vårt största utländska hot” (2009-10-19), 

       

      (http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/politik/article12049791.ab) (accessed 2012-03-10).

       

      The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society (Jens Rydgren).  2010-10-21, http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/europe/index.aspx?pgid=pg_127842651505941456 (accessed 2012-03-10). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Afrophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Nationalism
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Political discourse -parties - orgs

      External Url https://sverigedemokraterna.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Parties that express xenophobic discourse in the form of hate speech or promote an anti-migrant and/or anti-minority agenda

      Sweden Democrats (Swedish: Sverigedemokraterna, SD).

      Electoral power 5.7

      Qualitative Info

      The Sweden Democrats (Swedish: Sverigedemokraterna, SD) is a political party in Sweden, founded in 1988.  Since 2005, its party chairman is Jimmie Åkesson, while Björn Söder is the party secretary and parliamentary group leader. The Sweden Democrats was formed as a direct successor of the Sweden Party, which in turn was the outcome of a merger in 1986 of the Swedish Progress Party and the BBS (Keep Sweden Swedish).The Sweden Democrats has its roots in Swedish fascism, and there were, particularly at the end of the 1980s and for the first half of the 1990s, distinct overlaps between them and openly anti-democratic, Nazi and fascist groupings. During the latter half of the 1990s, however, the party worked hard to erect a more respectable façade. In 1999 the Sweden Democrats openly renounced Nazism. Furthermore, some of the more provocative paragraphs in the party program were also toned down or eventually deleted (in particular those dealing with capital punishment, the banning of abortion and non-European adoption, to which the party was strongly opposed). 

       

      In the 2010 general election, the Sweden Democrats for the first time crossed the four percent threshold necessary for parliamentary representation. This increase in popularity has been compared by international media to other similar anti-immigrant movements in Europe.The party polled 5.7% and won 20 parliamentary seats. However, former Swedish Democratic MP William Petzäll left the party on 26 September 2011 while still retaining his parliamentary seat, leaving the party with 19 seats in the parliament. 

       

      The Sweden Democrats believe that the current Swedish immigration and integration policies have been a failure. SD feels that the current situation with a large number of immigrants living in cultural enclaves is not beneficial for the country.  As the party considers Sweden to have had too much immigration in later years, which it claims have seriously threatened national identity and societal cohesion, SD wants to reinstate a common Swedish national identity which in turn would mean a stronger inner solidarity. SD rejects the policy of multiculturalism, but accepts a multiethnic society where cultural assimilation is promoted. SD wishes to strongly restrict immigration, and give generous support for immigrants who instead of wanting to assimilate in Sweden voluntarily prefer to emigrate back to their country of origin. 

       

       

      A SD politician in southern Sweden wrote racist Afrophobic statements on Facebook that the word “Nigger” is not a racist term.“No, for me a "Neger" (Nigger) is a "Neger" (Nigger). There is nothing negative with that at all,” Annika Rydh of Älmhult, Småland, told local paper Smålandsposten in November 2011. The debate kicked off after Rydh answered the query “Is it racist to say "Neger" (Nigger)?” in a Facebook post. Annika Rydh is one of two Sweden Democrats on the municipal council in Älmhult. She told the  Smålandsposten that  “We do have freedom of speech in this country, after all." In recent years there have been many reports to the Swedish Equality Ombudsman pertaining to the word and several companies and government agencies have been made to pay damages to people who felt discriminated against when that particular word has been used (The Local, Sweden democrat: "A Negro is a Negro", http://www.thelocal.se/37620/20111128/). 

       

       

      Another SD county politician, Leif Vogel was forced to resign from his position at the local council after sending racist emails to the daily newspapers Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter on the 22 and 23 January 2011. Svenska Dagbladet published a series of articles  describing the conditions of several rental properties in the Stockholm suburbs of Rinkeby and Tensta both of which have a high concentration of immigrant residents. The articles referred to  mold and other problems, which had been ignored by landlords. After reading the articles, the politician sent emails to the newspaper Svenska Dagbladet that:  "They not only bring their dyslexia with them, but also a total lack of culture and knowledge, as well as bedbugs, lice, and cockroaches and like in the picture, their detrimental effect on our homes". In February 2011, SD announced, that the politician was leaving the party and his position at the local council in Knivsta (The Local , http://www.thelocal.se/31782/20110202/ ). 

       

       

      Jimmie Åkesson, the party leader of the Sweden Democrats, claimed in an article published in the Swedish News paper, Aftonbladet, 19 October 2009, that Islam is the biggest threat to Sweden since World War II.6 The anti-racist organization Centre against Racism (Centrum Mot Rasism), reported the case to the Chancellor of Justice (JK), stating that the statements by Jimmie Åkesson, head of the far-right Sweden Democrats were tantamount to agitation against Muslims. The Center against Racism also reported Aftonbladet to the JK for publishing and spreading the article. In the article, Åkesson states that”more than ten Muslim terrorist organizations have established themselves in Sweden”. Further, he goes on saying that Sweden has the most rapes in Europe, and that Muslim men are highly overrepresented among the perpetrators. The case was refused by the Chancellor of Justice who didn’t consider Åkesson’s article as violating Swedish rules governing the freedom of expression (http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/politik/article12049791.ab). 


      source: Svenska Dagbladet. 2008-05-02. http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/sd-till-attack-mot-renagande-samer_1204465.svd, (accessed, 2010-11-08).

      The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society (Jens Rydgren).  2010-10-21, http://hsf.bgu.ac.il/europe/index.aspx?pgid=pg_127842651505941456

      The Local , http://www.thelocal.se/31782/20110202/ (2011.02.02)

      The Local, Sweden democrat: "A Negro is a Negro", http://www.thelocal.se/37620/20111128/ (2011.03.02)

      News Mill, http://www.newsmill.se/artikel/2009/10/19/mariam-om-ab (2011.03.02). 

      Aftonbladet, ”Muslimerna är vårt största utländska hot” (2009-10-19), (http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/politik/article12049791.ab) (accessed 2012-03-10).

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Linguistic minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Nationalism
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Political discourse -parties - orgs

      External Url https://sverigedemokraterna.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is hate speech/racist-xenophobic discourse a wider, more 'mainstream', phenomenon in the political sphere?

      No.

      Qualitative Info

      Hate speech/racist -xenophobic discourse is not a wider phenomenon in the political sphere in Sweden. The representatives from the mainstream parties do not express these views. The only political party in Parliament that clearly expresses these views is the  far-right nationalist  party Sweden Democrats. 

       

       

      Jimmie Åkesson, the party leader of the Sweden Democrats, claimed in an article published in the Swedish News paper, Aftonbladet, 19 October 2009, that Islam is the biggest threat to Sweden since World War II. The anti-racist organization Centre against Racism (Centrum Mot Rasism), reported the case to the Chancellor of Justice (JK), stating that the statements by Jimmie Åkesson, head of the far-right Sweden Democrats were tantamount to agitation against Muslims. The Center against Racism also reported Aftonbladet to the JK for publishing and spreading the article. In the article, Åkesson states that”more than ten Muslim terrorist organizations have established themselves in Sweden”. Further, he goes on saying that Sweden has the most rapes in Europe, and that Muslim men are highly overrepresented among the perpetrators. The case was refused by the Chancellor of Justice who didn’t consider Åkesson’s article as violating Swedish rules governing the freedom of expression (http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/politik/article12049791.ab). 


      Source: Sverigedemokraterna, https://sverigedemokraterna.se/ (accessed 2012-03-10).

      Aftonbladet, ”Muslimerna är vårt största utländska hot”, (2009-10-19), http://www.aftonbladet.se/debatt/debattamnen/politik/article12049791.ab (accessed 2012-03-10). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Political discourse -parties - orgs

      External Url https://sverigedemokraterna.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Nation-wide organisations that express racist or xenophobic sentiments/discourse in the form either of hate speech or promote an anti-migrant and/or anti-minority agenda

      Yes. There are nation-wide organisations that express racist or xenophobic sentiments/discourse in the form either of hate speech or promote an anti-migrant and/or anti-minority agenda. 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Extremism - organised Racist Violence
      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia
      • Religious intolerance

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://expo.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Anti-racist Policies & Organisations

    Anti-racist organisations in Sweden have been effective in mobilising against hate speech/racist-xenophobic discourse as a wider phenomenon in the political and public sphere. One concern is still that Sweden does not prohibit racist organizations, which raised concern by the CERD Committe of the absence of any explicit criminal law provisions declaring illegal and prohibiting organizations promoting and inciting racial hatred. (art.4). 

    • Has the national government developed policies/programmes aimed at combating racism and related ideologies? Have these policies/programmes been implemented and in whatway?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      In May 2006 the Riksdag adopted ‘A National Action Plan for Human Rights 2006–2009' (Government Communication 2005/06:95). This was Sweden’s second National Action Plan for Human Rights. The first  action plan covered the period 2002–2004 and it has been followed up and evaluated. The purpose of the second action plan was to carry out a coherent review of the human rights situation in Sweden and, on the basis of this review, to propose measures for more systematic work with human rights at the national level. The main focus of the action plan is protection against discrimination. Other measures aim at increasing knowledge and awareness about human rights.  The government decided on 17 December 2009 to appoint a special investigator to conduct an evaluation of the national action plan for human rights. The task included submitting recommendations aimed at providing the Government with a basis for its future systematic work on human rights in Sweden. 

       

      In conjunction with the presentation of the National Action Plan for Human Rights in 2006, the Government established a Delegation for Human Rights in Sweden to support the long-term task of securing full respect for human rights in Sweden based on the action plan (http://www.manskligarattigheter.gov.se/extra/pod/).

       
      The Living History Forum is a Government agency which has been commissioned with the task of promoting issues relating to tolerance, democracy and human rights – with the Holocaust as its point of reference. They are disseminating information and creating a dialogue with the society at large on inter alia the situation of the Roma, Muslims and other discriminated groups. The Government commissioned the state agency Living History Forum (Forum för levande historia) to undertake research to generate knowledge on anti-Semitism and Islamophobia. Living History Forum submitted the report on the 22 August 2011 and outlined various actions. 
       

       

      The Integration Minister launched a new website on regeringen.se. This page is part of the Government's efforts to combat xenophobia and a way to counter the myths that are currently spreading on the internet about immigrants (http://www.regeringen.se/tolerans) accessed 2012-03-11.


      Source: 

      Swedish Government, “Forum för levande historia ska kartlägga anti-semitism och Islamofobi”, http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/14204/a/165260(accessed 2012-03-11)

      Samlat, genomtänkt och uthålligt? En utvärdering av regeringens nationella handlingsplan för mänskliga rättigheter 2006–2009, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/16/61/24/22ca6543.pdf(accessed 2012-03-11)

       

      The Swedish Government, http://www.regeringen.se/tolerans (accessed 2012-03-11)

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/16/61/24/22ca6543.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Has regional/local governance made a significant attempt at combating racism and related ideologies?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

      The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR) has during 2009-2011  developed a project for local governments  for a more systematic effort to ensure human rights.  The project  supported a limited number of local governments in their efforts to systematically work with human rights. The idea is that good and varied examples should be disseminated to other local governments. Four regional seminars were organised in September and October 2011. During the seminar days there were lectures and information on human rights from a municipal perspective and good examples of how municipalities can work to cooperate in strengthening human rights at the local and regional level. 

      In 2008, a network of municipalities against racism and discrimination was founded. This network is part of the European network of cities that want to exchange experiences and jointly develop the work against racism, discrimination and xenophobia as part of UNESCO’s initiative for an international coalition of cities against racism. The Network meets twice a year, to exchange best practices and discuss on-going policies and research on discrimination and racism (http://www.skl.se/vi_arbetar_med/demos/demokratiutveckling/manskliga-rattigheter/natverk_mot_rasism).


      Source: 

      The Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR), http://www.skl.se/

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.skl.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • In your country are there any non governmental organisations whose principal objectives relate to opposing/undermining racism and racist activity?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

      There are about twenty Anti-discrimination Agencies, which are NGO's,  nationwide offering assistance to individuals  who find themselves discriminated against on any of the grounds covered by the Antidiscrimination Act.

      For example there is the Anti-discrimination Agency in  Uppsala (Diskrimineringsbyrån Uppsala (DU) which is a local anti-discrimination with the aim to combat and prevent discrimination on all discrimination grounds (http://www.diskrimineringsbyran.se/).

      There is also Expo - Stiftelsen antirasistisk tidskrift,  which is a Swedish foundation that publishes a magazine Expo. Expo's purpose is to raise awareness on racism and xenophobia through studying anti-democratic, extremist and racist trends in society (http://http://expo.se/). 

      Another NGO working to fight discrimination and racism is the Swedish Centre Against Racism (www.centrummotrasism.nu) which works with all discrimination grounds on the national and international level. 

      Source:

      Swedish Centre Against Racism, www.centrummotrasism.nu

      The National Board for Youth Affairs, http://www.ungdomsstyrelsen.se

      Anti-discrimination Agencies, http://www.adbsverige.se/

      Expo - Stiftelsen antirasistisk tidskrift,(http://http://expo.se/

      Anti-discrimination Agency in  Uppsala (Diskrimineringsbyrån Uppsala (DU), http://www.diskrimineringsbyran.se/

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url www.centrummotrasism.nu

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Non governmental organisations whose principal objectives relate to opposing/undermining racism and racist activity

      The Centre against Racism, Interfem, Youth Against Racism.

       

      Qualitative Info

      The Centre against Racism, is a voluntary and independent umbrella organisation with high integrity. Its task is to scrutinize, supplement and reinforce the actions taken by society, but not to overtake society's responsibility. Centre against Racism's aims and objectives is to counteract racism and xenophobia -including anti-Semitism, islamophobia and prejudice against Rom populations, Afrophobia and discrimination, in Sweden. The Centre against Racism  collaborates with different NGO’s, build knowledge, disseminate information and awareness raising activities. The Centre has 80 member organisations acorss the country and it has been active since 2003. 

       

      Interfem   is an NGO fighting intersectional discrimination, especially discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity and religious belief.   (http://interfem.se/om-interfem.aspx). 

       
      Youth Against Racism (Ungdom mot rasism) is the largest anti-racist youth organization and gathers today around 4000 members and 35 local groups. We are a politically and religiously independent organization that works against racism and for democracy and diversity. http://www.umr.nu/

       

       



       

      Source: The Centre Against Racism (CMR), http://www.centrummotrasism.nu

      Youth Against Racism (Ungdom mot rasism) , http://www.umr.nu/

      Interfem , (http://interfem.se/om-interfem.aspx).

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.centrummotrasism.nu

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there examples of anti-racist anti-discrimination organisations' activity having a positive impact on anti-racist policies?

      Yes. Anti-racist/anti-discrimination activities of NGOs have been an important factor for changing the political disourse and policies in recent years

      Qualitative Info

      Anti-racist/anti-discrimination activities of NGOs have been an important factor for changing the political disourse and policies in recent years. Concrete effects are difficult to measure, but NGOs' public relations work and acitivities monitoring racist incidents and anti-discrimination policies has been effective. Two examples can be noted: 

      Afrophobia as a concept for the definition of racism and hatred directed at “black people” as a group.; The Centre Against Racism (CMR) has been instrumental in making the term Afrophobia established in Sweden and on the international level. In connection with CMR:s  annual meeting in 2006, it was decided that the term Afrophobia should be introduced in the The Centre Against Racism statues. This is in addition to other concepts like anti-Semitism, islamophobia, anti-Gypsyism, homophobia. 

      A campaign was initiated encouraging the concept to be officially recognized also by policy makers, institutions, agencies and the general public. The impact of this campiagn and lobbying could already be seen in 2007/2008 when the concept Afrophobia came to appear for the first time in various official documents, from government regulations and in the annual official statistics on crime with racist motives that the State Crime-prevention council annually publishes. This has had the impact that Afrophobia is regarded as officially one of the hate crime motives in the Swedish official hate crime statistics (http://www.bra.se).

       

      Campaign against “Neger” area in Karlstad; During the fall of 2009 The Centre Against Racism led a well organized and successful campaign to force municipal politicians in the Karlstad region to change the name of an area named “Kv. Neger”. The campaign´s highlight was a demonstration that had activists from Malmö and Stockholm. The campaign was carried out in cooperation with the Afro Swedish Association and the organization for Equality for Afro Swedes. A protest list was also presented to the city planning chairman and the impact of this campaign and lobbying led to the local council in Karlstad to abolish the naming of the area  “Kv. Neger”

       


      The Centre Against Racism, http://www.centrummotrasism.nu

      Groups affected/interested

      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Afrophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.centrummotrasism.nu

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a direct participation of anti-racist, anti-discrimination and victim group organisations in consultation and development, promotion, implementation of anti-racist and anti-discrimination law and/or policies?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

      In Sweden, civil society is often called upon in the process of drafting policies on human right's, anti-discrimination, anti-racism. In the drafting of Swedens third Action Plan on Human Right's, The Government sought an open and transparent process, involving government agencies, civil society and other stakeholders at an early stage. During autumn 2010 the Government Offices invited participation in a consultation process on the drafting of a new ordinance for government support to youth organisations and local child and youth activities. Review dialogues with NGO's are often part of imolementing policies in Sweden.

      The Government’s human rights website  http://www.manskligarattigheter.se has been used to inform and consult stakeholders. The coordinating ministries have also held open-ended meetings with NGO's to inform about and collect views on the process.

       

      The Swedish Forum for Human Rights is the civil society movement’s forum for human rights and a meeting place for politicians, students, public officials, activists and researchers. The Swedish Forum for Human Rights is the largest human rights event in the Nordic countries, gathering more than 1 500 participants each year. 

       

      Within civil society policy there is a need for an agency that can address issues concerning civil society and the conditions for civil society organisations. The Swedish National Board for Youth Affairs has the  regular task of collecting and disseminating knowledge about the conditions for and development of civil society and have analyses and evaluations done within this area. In addition, the National Board for Youth Affairs administers a forum for the Government and civil society organisations. This task includes regularly holding the Forum for civil society conference. 


       


      Source: The Swedish Government and civil society, Enhanced consultation with civil society, http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/14295

      The Government’s human rights website  http://www.manskligarattigheter.se

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/14295

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there NGOs - other civil society organisations supporting victims of discrimination on the grounds of race, ethnic origin and religion in court?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      So far, very few NGO's have taken discrimination cases to court. One good example of an NGO that has done that, is the Anti-discrimination bureau, Örebro Rättighetscenter [Örebro Rights Center] which made use of this right by filing their first law suit in a discrimination case to court. The case concerned a Roma woman who was forced to pay for gasoline in advance as well as having her rights violated through insulting remarks about her ethnicity. Örebro Rights Center filed a lawsuit against the petrol station for discrimination and demanded 20 000 SEK (2000 Euros) in compensation to the woman. The Göta Court of Appeal ruled in October 2011, that the petrol station exposed the woman to direct discrimination associated with the woman's ethnicity. The gas station was imposed to pay 5000 kronas (555 euros) in discrimination compensation to the woman.


      Source:

      The Antidiscrimination Act (2008:567),http://http://www.do.se/Documents/pdf/new_discrimination_law.pdf(accessed 04.03.2012)

      Örebro Rights Center, 03.10.2010, http://www.adbsverige.se/(accessed 04.03.2012)
       
       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.adbsverige.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Policing - Law Enforcement - Justice

     

     

    Migrants and national minorities face disproportionate problems in accessing justice. Evidence show that discrimination is a serious issues within the Swedish legal system. Victims of migrant backgorund are less likely to access justice in court compared with victims with a Swedish background. There are also indications of ethnic profiling in Sweden. Swedish police officers use this method when conducting controls of foreigners and when conducting other kinds of controls. The persons in Sweden that are most commonly victims of ethnic profiling are persons originating from countries outside Europe. Several incidents of ethnic profiling within the police force surfaced during December 2008 in various media.

     

    • Does the training of the police force incorporate anti-racism or cultural sensitivity?

      Yes. The training of the police force incorporate anti-racism or cultural sensitivity subjects. 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Are there police professional associations thatpromote and endorse anti-migrant/anti-minority agendas and discourse?

      Yes. There are police professional associations that promote and endorse anti-migrant/anti-minority agendas and discourse. 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there a legal definition / sanctioning of ethnic profiling?

      No. There is no legal definition/ santioning of ethnic profiling. 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence or indication that the police force engages in ethnic profiling?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      Ethnic profiling as a police method has not been discussed much in Sweden. It is only recently that some researchers have started to analyse ethnic profiling from a Swedish perspective. In a report from 2006, Sophie Hydén[1] concludes that ethnic profiling in Sweden is used mostly informally by the police, compared to in the United States where ethnic profiling has been used as an official method. Moreover, Swedish police officers use this method when conducting controls of foreigners and when conducting other kinds of controls. The persons in Sweden that are most commonly victims of ethnic profiling are persons originating from countries outside Europe.

       

      Although the term ethnic profiling is not discussed much, there are indications of ethnic profiling in Sweden. An example is when several incidents of ethnic profiling  within the police force  surfaced during December 2008 in various media. The first incident revealed was when the racist comments were caught on a surveillance video the police used during the riots in Rosengård in December 2008. The police was filmed using racist language calling immigrant youth "damn little apes” during the riots. Later it was also revealed that fictitious names such as “Negro Niggersson” and “Oskar Negro” were used by the police force in Skåne [Southern Sweden] in an internal education during the spring of 2008 (http://www.expressen.se/kvp/niggersson-anvands-som-laroexempel/ ). These incidents caused outrage among NGOs, politicians, and the public. The police men were reported to the Ombudsman against Ethnic discrimination and to the Justitieombudsmannnen [Parliamentary Ombudsman] one of the organizations that submitted a complaint against the police force in Skåne was the organisation Jämlikhet för Afrosvenskar [Afro-Swedish for equality]. According to the organization the incident shows the extension of the racist culture within the police force towards Afro-Swedes in particular and other minority groups.



      [1] Hydén, Sophie, ‘Diskriminering på köpet - etnisk profilering i polisarbete’, in Fransson, Ola, and Fryklund, Björn (eds.), Migration och professioner i förändring (Malmö: Malmö Högskola, 2006).

      Kvällsposten, "Niggersson används som läromedel", http://www.expressen.se/kvp/niggersson-anvands-som-laroexempel/  (accessed 2012-03-10).

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement

      External Url http://www.expressen.se/kvp/niggersson-anvands-som-laroexempel/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence that the immigration services engage in ethnic profiling?

      No.

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Asylum seekers

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism
      • Integration - social cohesion

      External Url www.migrationsverket.se

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of significant disparities between the number of racist incidents and crimes reported and the numbers of racist incidents and crimes recorded by police authorities?

      Yes. There is evidence of significant disparities between the number of racist incidents and crimes reported and the numbers of racist incidents and crimes recorded by police authorities. 

      Qualitative Info

       The disparities identified, mostly affect Africans/black people who are subjected to afrophobia, the Roma community that face romafobia and other racist motivated hate crimes. Others that are also affected are Muslims and Jews. 


      Brottsförebygganderådet, http://www.bra.se

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.bra.se

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence that areas containing significant numbers migrants and minorities are policed in different ways than others?

      Yes. There is evidence that areas containing significant numbers migrants and minorities are policed in different ways than others. 

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia
      • Xenophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of police violence against migrants/minorities in custody?

      Yes. There is evidence of police violence against migrants/minorities in custody. 

      Qualitative Info

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Do migrants/minorities face disproportionate problems in accessing justice?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

      In February 2008 Brå [The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention] presented a report 2008:4 Diskriminering i rättsprocessen; om missgynnande av personer med utländsk bakgrund (Discrimination in the legal process). The report shows that migrants face disproportionate problems in accessing legal justice. The report concludes that discrimination and the perception of discrimination are serious issues within the Swedish legal system. Overall, the findings of the report show that victims of migrant backgorund are less likely to access justice in court compared with victims of with a Swedish background.

      The report is based on current research, analyses of complaints to the Ombudsman against ethnic discrimination and interviews with key categories of persons within the legal system. The report is part of the assignment given to the Council by the Government in April 2006 to examine the incidence of discrimination in the judicial process against defendants and plaintiffs with a foreign background.  The report proposes various initiatives which are needed to promote non-discrimination within the judicial system.


      Source: The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention,   Report 2008:4, Diskriminering i rättsprocessen; om missgynnande av personer med utländsk bakgrund , http://217.151.193.70/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f180007887/2008_4_diskriminering_i_rattsprocessen.pdf

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement

      External Url http://217.151.193.70/download/18.cba82f7130f475a2f180007887/2008_4_diskriminering_i_rattsprocessen.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of differential sentencing?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       A Government report was published during 2006 concerning police and discrimination. This report was published by the Government inquiry on Power, Integration and Structural Discrimination and was titled ‘Is justice fair? - Ten perspectives on discrimination of ethnic and religious minorities within the justice system’ (Är rättvisan rättvis? Tio perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religiösa minoriteter inom rättssystemet). The aim of this report was to examine structural discrimination in the judicial system. The report shows evidence of differential sentencing, failure of courts to provide effective protection for migrants and that structural discrimination exists throughout the Swedish justice system; from the first contact with the police to the final court judgement. 

       

      Regarding police investigations, the report showed that most investigations are rarely closed for people of Swedish and Nordic background (between 35 and 37 percent of cases), while investigations usually are closed concerning people born in Africa and the Middle Middle East including Turkey (between 50 and 52 percent of cases) (Johan Kardell, Diskriminering i rättsväsendet av personer med utländsk bakgrund – en kvantitativ analys), http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/99/25/b5f0640b.pdf (accessed 2012-03-10).

       

      The results from the report show that regarding court  judgments, people with non-European backgrounds are at almost three times more likely than persons of Swedish background to be sentenced to imprisonment for serious sexual offenses, assault and aggravated assault (Pettersson, Tove; Särbehandlas gärningspersoner med utländsk bakgrund vid anmälningar om våldtäkter, grov misshandel och eget bruk av narkotika?),  http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/99/25/b5f0640b.pdf (accessed 2012-03-10).



      Source: Power, Integration and Structural Discrimination and was titled ‘Is justice fair? - Ten perspectives on discrimination of ethnic and religious minorities within the justice system’ (Är rättvisan rättvis? Tio perspektiv på diskriminering av etniska och religiösa minoriteter inom rättssystemet). SOU 2006:30,  http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/99/25/b5f0640b.pdf (accessed 2012-03-10).

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Policing - law enforcement
      • Anti-discrimination
      • Anti-racism

      External Url http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/05/99/25/b5f0640b.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Employment

     

     

     

    In 2011, the number of employed immigrants was 67,1 % compared to 71,9% of the general population. The rate is particularly low among immigrant women, for whom the employment rate is 56.5% and has decreased since 2010. The UN Committee which monitors the Convention on the Elimination of Race Discrimination (CERD), in its most recent recommendations on Sweden’s compliance with CERD (2008) stated that Committee is concerned that the new Anti-Discrimination Act of July 2008 does not provide for the adoption of special measures regarding vulnerable racial or ethnic groups, with the exception of certain measures related to immigrant employment agencies.

    • Do the trade unions engage in specific activities recruiting or supporting/defending the rights of minority groups?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

       

      Trade unions engage in specific activities recruiting and supporting the rights of minority groups in the field of employment. Labour unions have legal standing to litigate discrimination cases where one of their members is involved. (As a matter of fact, the right of the Equality Ombudsman to represent a victim is secondary to this right of the organisation.)

       

       

      Labour Law generally assigns to established unions – i.e. unions that uphold a collective agreement with the employer in question – a privileged position. Though Swedish law does not provide for exclusive representation, established unions de facto often speak for the entire employee community.

       

       

      Swedish labour law is built on the single channel model. The “workers” influence shall be channelled only through the trade unions. Allowing the “workers” to create groups and to go to court in another way would not be consistent with this model. 

       

      A considerable number of cases handeled by the trade unions in anti-discrimination cases are often settled out of court. Most complaints are settled during the mandatory negotiations foregoing a claim to the Labour Court. In these cases remedies much the same as in the case law of the Labour Court are agreed upon – or even better since the parties concerned lower their costs by an early settlement.


      Source:

      Discrimination Act (2008:567), http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/20080567.htm (Accessed, 2012-03-10). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Employment - labour market

      External Url http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/20080567.htm

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Do the trade unions engage in specific activities recruiting or supporting/defending the rights of migrants groups?

      Yes. 

      Qualitative Info

       

      Trade unions engage in specific activities recruiting and supporting the rights of migrant groups in the field of employment. Labour unions have legal standing to litigate discrimination cases where one of their members is involved. (As a matter of fact, the right of the Equality Ombudsman to represent a victim is secondary to this right of the organisation.)

       

       

      Labour Law generally assigns to established unions – i.e. unions that uphold a collective agreement with the employer in question – a privileged position. Though Swedish law does not provide for exclusive representation, established unions de facto often speak for the entire employee community.

       

       

      Swedish labour law is built on the single channel model. The “workers” influence shall be channelled only through the trade unions. Allowing the “workers” to create groups and to go to court in another way would not be consistent with this model. 

       

      A considerable number of cases handeled by the trade unions in anti-discrimination cases are often settled out of court. Most complaints are settled during the mandatory negotiations foregoing a claim to the Labour Court. In these cases remedies much the same as in the case law of the Labour Court are agreed upon – or even better since the parties concerned lower their costs by an early settlement.


      Source:

      Discrimination Act (2008:567), http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/20080567.htm (Accessed, 2012-03-10). 

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Employment - labour market

      External Url http://www.notisum.se/rnp/sls/lag/20080567.htm

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Housing & Segregation

     

    Discrimination in the housing sector persists. There is evidence of significant levels of segregation between migrant groups and the majority population. Migrant and minority groups face especially serious problems in accessing housing of an acceptable quality. Roma are reported to be most segregated and discriminated on the housing market. 

    • Is there evidence of significant levels of segregation between migrant groups and the majority population?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

      The Equality Ombudsman reported in the annual report of 2010 that most complaints are on access to housing both when it comes to the rental market, including the rental criteria (förmedlingssystem), as well as the housing cooperative (bostadsraättsmarknaden). Housing  discrimination has serious consequences because housing is such a basic need, but also because complaints indicate that families with children suffer most. The most common grounds for discrimination are ethnicity, religion and disability.

      On 31 July 2010, the Equality Ombudsman submitted a report to the government about discrimination in the housing market. The study is based on "situation-testing" and covers discrimination on the grounds of gender, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability and sexual orientation. The housing rental market was examined through nearly 400 phone calls to 150 landlords in 90 different locations. The housing cooperative market (bostadsrättsmarknaden) was examined through a total of 44 visits to different apartments for sale in Stockholm, Helsingborg and Lund. Discrimination occurred both in large cities, medium-sized cities and small towns. Overall, it was found that housing discrimination is a structural phenomenon that directly impacts people's lives, particularly migrants. Discrimination occurred both in large cities, medium-sized cities and small towns. Discrimination affected the ground of ethnicity to a greater extent than the other grounds of discrimination.The people most affected by housing discrimination are people of Finnish origin, Roma and Muslims and Africans. The study reveals that housing discrimination is more common in the rental market than in the housing cooperatives. The Equality Ombudsman also revealed in its Annual Report 2010, that complaints from Roma constitute 20% of the complaints on discrimination in the housing market, both in terms of provision of apartments for rent and purchase of private apartments. Discriminatory behaviour and harassment by landlords or neighbours is also reported.

       


      The Equality ombudsman, Discrimination on the housing market, 2010, (accessed 2011.03.02).http://www.do.se/Documents/Material/Rapporter/Diskriminering%20p%C3%A5%20bostadsmarknaden.pdf

       

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/zinghanophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.do.se/Documents/Material/Rapporter/Diskriminering%20p%C3%A5%20bostadsmarknaden.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • What is the ethnic origin of the highly segregated migrant group?

      The Roma are the most segregated group.

      Qualitative Info

       On 31 July 2010, the Equality Ombudsman submitted a report to the government about discrimination in the housing market. According to the report, the most segregated groups are people of Finnish origin, Roma, Muslims and Africans. The high degree of segregation is the result of racism/xenophobia. Discriminatory behaviour and harassment by landlords or neighbours is reported to be the main reason for segregation according to the Equality Ombudsman's study. The Equality Ombudsman also revealed in its Annual Report 2010, that complaints from Roma constitute 20% of the complaints on discrimination in the housing market, both in terms of provision of apartments for rent and purchase of private apartments. The Roma are also highly segregated from other minority/migrant groups. 

       National minorities, such as the Roma are not included as a group in the statistics on segregation. The (1998:204) Act on Personal Information (Personuppgiftslagen) contains the general rules on the right to register personal information. There is a general prohibition to register (among other things) such “sensitive personal information” as ethnicity, religion or other belief and information concerning health and sexual life including sexual orientation. Therefore it’s not easy to assess how the Roma live, since statistics on segregation do not register ethnicity. What can be said is that the Swedish housing market is very segregated in the three biggest cities. This segregation is mostly two-dimensional. Some areas are “Swedish-dense”. In those areas the Swedish ethnic majority is predominant (Report on measures to combat discrimination, Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC, Country Report 2010, Sweden, Per Norberg, p.73). Other areas are migrant-dense, but it’s difficult to assess a specific ethnic group as overly more segregated, since these areas are generally of mixed etthnic population. 


      The Equality Ombudsman, Discrimination on the housing market 2010 (The Equality ombudsman, Discrimination on the housing market, 2010, (accessed 2011.03.02).http://www.do.se/Documents/Material/Rapporter/Diskriminering%20p%C3%A5%20bostadsmarknaden.pdf

      Report on measures to combat discrimination, Directives 2000/43/EC and 2000/78/EC, Country Report 2010, Sweden, Per Norberg

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.boverket.se/

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of significant levels of segregation between minority groups and the majority population?

      Yes

      Qualitative Info

       

      The Swedish housing market is very segregated in the three biggest cities. This segregation is mostly two-dimensional. Some areas are “Swedish-dense”. In those areas the Swedish ethnic majority is predominant. Other areas are “Swedish-sparse”. The typical ethnic neighbourhood in Sweden have no dominant group. 

       

      In its second report, ECRI noted that certain residential areas in Sweden were inhabited almost exclusively by persons of immigrant origin. ECRI notes that de facto residential segregation continues to be an area of concern to organisations active in the fight against racism and intolerance in Sweden. 

       

      ECRI encourages the Swedish authorities in their efforts to address de facto residential segregation. In this respect, ECRI recommends that, along with measures to improve the living conditions of persons living in areas predominantly inhabited by persons of immigrant origin, the Swedish authorities consider measures to actually de-segregate these areas.


      Source:

      Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI),Third Report on Sweden, Adopted on 17 December 2004, 14 June 2005, CRI(2005)26, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46efa2e21a.html [accessed 6 March 2012]

       

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Asylum seekers
      • Persons with disability
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46efa2e21a.html

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • What is the ethnic origin of the highly segregated minority group?

       

      Yes.  The Roma community is the most segregated minority group in Sweden.

       

      Qualitative Info

       

      The Swedish housing market is very segregated in the three biggest cities. This segregation is mostly two-dimensional. Some areas are “Swedish-dense”. In those areas the Swedish ethnic majority is predominant. Other areas are “Swedish-sparse”. The typical 'ethnic' neighbourhoods in Sweden have no dominant group, but it can be added that the Roma community is the most segregated minority group in Sweden.

      In 2010, Statistics Sweden published the report “Integration – a regional perspective”. The report showed that foreign-born people are more concentrated in metropolitan areas than native-born people. 90% of the total foreign-born population lives in big cities or major regional centres compared to 85% among native-born people (Statistics Sweden, Integration – a regional perspective (2010), http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/LE0105_2010A01_BR_BE57BR1001.pdf). 

      In a report published from the National Board of Health and Welfare (2010) it is reported that visible minorities in Sweden, which are migrant groups originating in south Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, or Latin America , are increasingly vulnerable to ethnic segregated neighbourhoods and economic poverty. 70 per cent of visbile minorities living in ethnic segregated neigbourhoods did not have an income from work (Socialstyrelsen, Social Rapport 2010, p.12 http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/17957/2010-3-11.pdf). 

      In its third report, ECRI encourages the Swedish authorities in their efforts to address de facto residential segregation. In this respect, ECRI recommends that, along with measures to improve the living conditions of persons living in areas predominantly inhabited by persons of immigrant origin, the Swedish authorities consider measures to actually de-segregate these areas.


      Source:

      Statistics Sweden, Integration – a regional perspective (2010), http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/LE0105_2010A01_BR_BE57BR1001.pdf

      Socialstyrelsen, Social Rapport 2010, p.12 http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/17957/2010-3-11.pdf.

      Council of Europe: European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI),Third Report on Sweden, Adopted on 17 December 2004, 14 June 2005, CRI(2005)26, available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46efa2e21a.html[accessed 6 March 2012]

      Groups affected/interested

      • Roma & Travelers
      • Ethnic minorities
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/Lists/Artikelkatalog/Attachments/17957/2010-3-11.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Is there evidence of denial of housing/housing rights for certain ethnic groups?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

      The Equality Ombudsman reported in the annual report of 2010 that most complaints are on access to housing both when it comes to the rental market, including the rental criteria (förmedlingssystem), as well as the housing cooperative (bostadsraättsmarknaden). Housing  discrimination has serious consequences because housing is such a basic need, but also because complaints indicate that families with children suffer most. The most common grounds for discrimination are ethnicity, religion and disability.

      On 31 July 2010, the Equality Ombudsman submitted a report to the government about discrimination in the housing market. The study is based on "situation-testing" and covers discrimination on the grounds of gender, ethnicity, religion or other belief, disability and sexual orientation. The housing rental market was examined through nearly 400 phone calls to 150 landlords in 90 different locations. The housing cooperative market (bostadsrättsmarknaden) was examined through a total of 44 visits to different apartments for sale in Stockholm, Helsingborg and Lund. Discrimination occurred both in large cities, medium-sized cities and small towns. Overall, it was found that housing discrimination is a structural phenomenon that directly impacts people's lives, particularly migrants. Discrimination occurred both in large cities, medium-sized cities and small towns. Discrimination affected the ground of ethnicity to a greater extent than the other grounds of discrimination.The people most affected by housing discrimination are people of Finnish origin, Roma and Muslims and Africans. The study reveals that housing discrimination is more common in the rental market than in the housing cooperatives. The Equality Ombudsman also revealed in its Annual Report 2010, that complaints from Roma constitute 20% of the complaints on discrimination in the housing market, both in terms of provision of apartments for rent and purchase of private apartments. Discriminatory behaviour and harassment by landlords or neighbours is also reported.

       


      The Equality ombudsman, Discrimination on the housing market, 2010, (accessed 2011.03.02).http://www.do.se/Documents/Material/Rapporter/Diskriminering%20p%C3%A5%20bostadsmarknaden.pdf

       
       

       

       

       

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Housing

      External Url http://www.do.se/Documents/Material/Rapporter/Diskriminering%20p%C3%A5%20bostadsmarknaden.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Education

     

    There are problems with educational attainement by migrant students. One in four students with a migrant background left compulsory school without the qualifications to enter the national programme in upper secondary school (gymnasiet) compared to one in 10 pupils with a Swedish background. The legal regulations in the educational field for the national minorities is still weak and children’s right to their minority language is not realized. 

    • Evidence of school segregation and/or policies of separate/distinct schooling of migrants

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

      The connection between the school results of children in year nine and the area in which they live was investigated in the report Statistics Sweden, Demographic Reports 2007:2, Children, segregated housing and school results, (http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/le0102_2006a01_br_be51st0702.pdf. The research showed that it is more common that children living in areas with a large proportion of children with foreign background do not qualify for upper secondary school compared to children living in other housing areas.

       

      However, the  study does not fully address the question of why children who live in areas which have a large proportion of children with foreign background are at greater risk of receiving grades that do not qualify them for upper secondary school.

       

      The results also show that many Swedish cities, both large and small, are characterised by segregated housing arrangements. Slightly over 40 percent of children with a foreign background in Sweden are concentrated in 310 of the country's almost 8 000 housing areas (homogenous housing area, or SAMS area). At least half of all children in these areas have a foreign background. At the same time, more than 50 per cent of children with Swedish background live in areas where hardly any children with foreign background at all.

       

      Slightly over 40 percent of all children with foreign background live in ten municipalities. At the same time, nearly 40 percent of all Sweden's municipalities have hardly any children with foreign background at all (0–5 percent).

       

       




       

       

      Source:

      Statistics Sweden, Demographic Reports 2007:2, Children, segregated housing and 

      school results (SCB, Demografiska rapporter 2007:2, Barn, boendesegregation och skolresultat), http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/le0102_2006a01_br_be51st0702.pdf (accessed 2012-03-11). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/le0102_2006a01_br_be51st0702.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Evidence of school segregation and/or policies of separate/distinct schooling of minorities

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

       

      In the report published by the Swedish Church (Svenska Kyrkan, 2012) called "Våga vara minoritet" the current situation of the national minorities was analysed. Although there are no clear evidence of school segregation and/or policies of distinct schooling for minorities, the report is critical to access to schooling for minority children.

       

      The problems identified are that the right to pre-school in Sámi, Finnish and Meänkieli is not provided in many municipalities in the administrative areas. Although a number of municipalities have not even investigated the need of such pre-school, the parents' demands are dismissed.The stipulations in the Swedish Minority Act regarding the right to pre-school in Sámi, Finnish and Meänkieli are too weak in relation to Sweden’s commitments according to the European Language Charter. The provisions on mother tongue teaching require fundamental knowledge in the minority language in order to participate in classes. To make such requirements is not allowed according to the minority conventions.

       

      Government funding for mother tongue teaching in national minority languages have not been used for national minority children.
       
      The legal regulations in the educational field are still weak and children’s right to their minority language is not realized. Bilingual education hardly exists. Many students are denied mother tongue teaching. There is no teacher training in national minority languages and this threatens the survival of the national minority languages, according to the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. There is also a lack of teaching materials in several minority languages. 

       

       


      Source: Våga vara minoritet – En rapport om minoritetsrättigheter i Sverige 2012  (Dare to be Minority – A Report on Minority Rights in Sweden 2012), http://sverigesradio.se/diverse/appdata/isidor/files/2327/11997.pdf (Accessed 2012-03-10). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • National minorities

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education

      External Url http://sverigesradio.se/diverse/appdata/isidor/files/2327/11997.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Health And Social Protection

     

    Sweden does not  offer equal access to health care to all persons, irrespective of ethnic origin and status. Undocumented migrants have still no access to health care on equal terms, despite the recommendations done by the inquiry on health for all. The number of undocumented migrants in the country is estimated to be between 10,000and 35,000 people. The vulnerability for migrant and ethnic women in accessing and receiving effective health care is indictated by the available cases brought to the Equality Ombudsman. 

     

     

     

    • Is there evidence of forced heatlhcare/intervention practices to minorities?

      Yes.  Historically Sweden has practiced forced heatlhcare/intervention practices such as e.g. sterilisation to minorities. This is documented as ongoing between 1934 and 1975. Today there are cases of sterilisation  and forced health care interventions practiced on migrants. 

       

      Qualitative Info

       

      A ten year old Somali girl was subjected to forced gynecological examination after suspicion that her parents had genital mutilated her. The Social Services Committee reported the parents to the Police after a complaint by a district nurse. The girl was picked up by the police from school to undergo the forced gynecological examination. The Equality Ombudsman sued the municipality for allowing such an intrusion in the girls privacy, based on just suspicion. DO argued that the suspicions and the entire investigation was based on ethnic prejudice. The district court shared DO's view, ruling the municipality to pay 60 000 SEK (6,000 euros) in damages to the family. The municipality appealed against the court decision, but the leave to appeal was rejected, therefore, the district court's ruling is final. [1]



      [1] Uppsala district court rules T 4350-07, http://www.do.se

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Health and social protection

      External Url www.do.se

      See other countriesSee indicator history
  • Public Life, Culture, Sport & Media

     

    The representation of journalists with a foreign background is limited, only 3 % of the total media workers in Sweden. Those who manage to work as journalists are mainly found among a segment of media workers with very specific features. They are relatively young, born in Sweden and immigrated at an early age, have a Swedish school and college education and speaks flawless Swedish. In sports, the swedish media has reported on several incidents of racism, hate speech and racial violence against black football and ice-hockey players. Discrimination and social exclusion of migrants in sports is also reported, especially towards muslim women, dening them access to sport facilities. 

    • Media: Is there a visible presence (or absence) of members of target groups as media professionals?

      Yes. 

      Data 3 percent of the journalists had a foreign background in 2000.

      Qualitative Info

       

       

      There is relatively little comprehensive knowledge about the media and journalists with a foreign origin. A study from 2000 shows that journalists with a migrant background particularly those with non-European background, are largely underrepresented in the majority of media workers. The study is based on a large survey ”Journalist 2000” which showed that about 3 % (or about 500) of the journalists had a foreign background that year. Of those, 1 % grew up in a Nordic country, 1 % in other European countries, and 1 % in outside Europe (Djerf-Pierre &Levin 2005: 172; Djerf-Pierre et al, 2001: 72; Weibull 2001: 15).

       

      Although figures are not strictly comparable, one can not ignore the fact that the difference between 3 and 11.3 %, which represented the proportion of foreign born in Sweden of the total population in 2000 (see Statistical Yearbook of Sweden 2004: 95 ) is large.

       

      Compared to their colleagues with Swedish / Nordic background, journalists with a foreign background were overrepresented in the Stockholm region, especially at Swedish Radio and Swedish Televison, while they are under-represented in the provincial press (Djerf-Pierre, and Levin, 2005: 172-3). [1]

       

      The representation of foreign-born journalists is mainly found among a segment of media workers with very specific features. They are relatively young, born in Sweden and immigrated at an early age, have a Swedish school and college education and speaks flawless Swedish.[2]

       

      In a study by media researcher Håkan Hvitfelt (1998), he shows that Islam in Swedish television news is reported as a particularly violent religion. 85 % of all news items related to Islam and Muslims is wholly or partly about violence. War, terrorism are common themes. Although reports about violence are prominent in television news, it normally accounts for "only" one in four news reports about violence.[3]

       

      Ylva Brune (2000) describes how young women with origins in Muslim countries are interviewed and portrayed primarily in two contexts. As victims of oppression and violence in a relentless patriarchal culture that requires a woman's virginity. And as victims of migration for cultural conflict and cultural collision, where they fall "between two cultures."[4]

       

       

      In the report ”Where did our right’s go? Experiences of racism and discrimination among Somalis in Sweden, published by the Centre Against Racism (Kalonaityte, Kawesa, Richards & Gasimelseed, 2011), the authors describe how Somalis in Sweden are victimized in the media. [5]

       

      In a series of articles published in Göteborgs Posten, one of the articles begins by describing the situation for Somalis in Sweden as: "The Swedish Welfare system and the closed labor market contributes to the disaster, which can be translated into serious crime, widespread abuse, benefit fraud, poor school grades, broken families and sky-high unemployment."[6]

       

      This description is illustrative of the negative stereotypical image of Somalis that the majority media communicates to the public.



      [1] Mediernas vi och dom - Mediernas betydelse för den strukturella diskrimineringen

      (SOU 2006:21), p. 34, http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/6155/a/58634 (accessed 2012-03-12)

      [2] Mediernas vi och dom - Mediernas betydelse för den strukturella diskrimineringen

      (SOU 2006:21), p. 51, http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/6155/a/58634(accessed 2012-03-12)

       

      [3] Stereotyper i förvandling, Svensk nyhetsjournalistik om invandrare och flyktingar, Ylva Brune (2000), Utrikesdepartementet, Enheten för Mellanöstern och Nordafrika, MENA-projektet, p. 21, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/01/20/34/7cb1cbcd.pdf(accessed 2012-03-12)

       

      [4] Stereotyper i förvandling, Svensk nyhetsjournalistik om invandrare och flyktingar, Ylva Brune (2000), Utrikesdepartementet, Enheten för Mellanöstern och Nordafrika, MENA-projektet, p. 30, http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/01/20/34/7cb1cbcd.pdf (accessed 2012-03-12)

       

      [5] The Centre against racism, ”Where did our right’s go?” (Vart tog rättigheterna vägen? En kartläggning av upplevelser av diskriminering och rasism bland personer med somalisk bakgrund i Sverige, 2011). The report is a survey of experiences of discrimination and racism among people with a Somali background in Sweden. The report is written by Victoria Kawesa, Viktorija Kalonaityte, Åse Richards and Abdalla Gasimelseed, http://www.centrummotrasism.nu/ (accessed 2012-03-12)

      [6] Göteborg Somalier- ett folk i kris, http://www.gp.se/nyheter/goteborg/1.115816-28-10-07-goteborgs-somalier-ett-folk-i-kris(accessed 2012-03-12)

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Arabophobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Media

      External Url http://www.centrummotrasism.nu/ , http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c6/01/20/34/7cb1cbcd.pdf , http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/6155/a/58634

      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Media: Frequency and relevance of hate speech incidents in public life (and media) and media representations against migrants and minorities?

      Yes, there have been several examples.

      Qualitative Info

       

      The Swedish coffee brand Gevalia, broadcasted a TV commercial on several TV-Channels showing a black man, almost naked, performing a fictive soul artist, Jah Roast. The man comes out of the water and begins to sing while he wanders around among several half naked black women. The man makes some sort of dance while the choir sings "so dark, so deep" in the background. He is then struck by lightning and thus becomes a "roasted" black coffee bean. At the end, a male voice says in Swedish "exotic dark roasted coffee." The Face book group, ”Styrka!- Mot Rasism” (Strength!-Againts Racism) contacted Gevalia urging that it is racist, degrading and stereotypical of black people.[1] Gevalia decided to withdraw the racist commercial from all TV-Channels.[2]

       

      The company, Swedish Games (Svenska Spel AB) was reported to the Advertisment Ombudsman (Reklamombudsmannen, RO) for broadcasting a commercial on several TV-Channels that was argued portrayed a stereotypical image of "Africans" as drifters, throwing trash around them, receiving old clothes from Sweden and behaving like children. The Advertisment Ombudsman decided to free the company Svenska Spel, explaining that the commercial did not voilate article 4 of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules for advertising and commercial marketing that forbids any form of discrimination, including that relating to race, nationality or descent.[3]

       

      The Educational Broadcasting and the Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (RFSU) produced a sex education film Sex on the map that rose questions about LGBTQ issues and ethnicity. The film also included an animated image depicting a black guy having sex with a white girl. This caused an explosion of racist remarks on the Internet with over half a million comments upset over what was called ‘racial mixing’.[4]

       

       


      [1] Styrka!-mot rasism, Facebook group

       

       

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Refugees
      • Roma & Travelers
      • Muslims
      • Ethnic minorities
      • Religious minorities
      • Africans/black people
      • National minorities

      Type (R/D)

      • Anti-migrant/xenophobia
      • Anti-semitism
      • Islamophobia
      • Afrophobia
      • Religious intolerance
      • Anti-roma/ romaphobia

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Education
      • Culture
      • Media
      • Internet
      • Integration - social cohesion
      • Daily life
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Sport: Racism, racist violence and hate speech in sporting venues (and reporting and policing thereof)?

      Yes.

      Qualitative Info

       

       

      Racism in sports in Sweden was investigated in a report written for the Fundamental Right's Agency (Victoria Kawesa and Viktorija Kalonaityte, 2009). The results from the study shows that the use of racist vocabulary and hate speech during football games is common. A very recent example is when a football player Rikard Bojang was subjected to racist attack by opposing team’s players during a match[1]. Another example is a long-term racist attack, reported by a football player Pascal Simpson of African background. His experience is that his own team’s supporters would scream derogatory racist insults at him during the team’s matches.[2]

       

      In 2006, Chief Editor for the anti-racist magazine Expo, Richard Slätt, wrote in an article in Expressen that it wasn’t racism when football fans threw bananas from the stands at Djurgårdens black goalkeeper Pa Dembo Tourray. Slätts’s argument was that when Hammarby supporters threw bananas at the Djurgården goalkeeper, that it doesn’t have anything to do with his skin color. He argued that it was a misunderstanding which risked eroding the concept of racism and took away the focus from real discrimination.[3]

       

      One reported racist incident in 2008 within football concerns a professional football player with ethnic minority background (of African phenotype), playing for Tibro AIK, who was dismissed from the game after kicking a player from the opposing team. The reason for the kick is a racist verbal attack by the opposing team’s player, something that the ethnic minority player claims the entire opponent team were saying throughout the entire match. Several other players from the Tibro AIK team heard the racist remark as well, and claim that the referee heard it too, but chose to ignore it both when it happened but also in making the decision to dismiss the player from the field. [4]

       

      Another similar racist incident is reported by Aftonbladet 2008, concerning a football player of African descent. The player, Kevin Amuneke, left team, Landskrona BoIS, to play abroad, because he claims that he was subjected to racist attacks by his team members and the club director. Amuneke tells that some of the team members could spit in his face and call him an ape and that no one wanted to deal with these racist attacks in the team. [5]

       

      The anti-racist organization Centrum against racism critized Richard Slätt in an article in Expressen April 2006, arguing that: racism works in such a way that it can’t be isolated to specific places and contexts. On the contrary, it permeates all of society’s aspects, including sports. The numerous violations black sportsmen have had to endure through the years, and oftentimes still endure, make Slätt’s description of sports as an arena free from racist thought structures, which is both naive and frightening. It becomes even more problematic when Slätt, through his article, rejects such an obvious example like the throwing of bananas. Equally naive is the idea that just because “we have always done it” it must be neutral and innocent. If bananas have been thrown before black goalkeepers were part of the team, then obviously it can’t be that serious.[6]

       

      Djurgårdens black goalkeeper Pa Dembo Tourray, responded by saying that he was tired of the banana throwing that usually precedes the derbies. He explained that: People have told me that it’s Hammarby’s tradition to throw bananas in the match against Djurgården, but it has gone too far. [7]

       

      In ice hockey, racist incidents were reported in 2004 concerning the supporters of the ice hockey club of Linköping. The supporters have, over the past years behaved in a racist fashion when their team was playing with other teams that include ethnic minority players. The incidents were those of throwing bananas and making monkey noises at players of African decent during several different occasions. At a different occasion one supporter was tried at court for making Hail Hitler greeting at a match.[8] Two years later in 2006 the same problem was reported to persist by the same supporter group. This time, Johnny Oduya, who has a Kenyan background[9], playing for Frölunda was subjected to racist remarks during the match against Linköping. The director of the Swedish Ice Hockey Association, Michael Englund condoned the racist attacks and told the press that sanctions would be reinforced. [10]

       

      A similar incident was reported in 2007 to have taken place when Södertälje ice hockey club was playing against Huddinge ice hockey club, where an ethnic minority player, Greg Mauldin (American background) was present. Södertälje-fans were screaming racist remarks at the ethnic minority player during the game, something that the director for National competition in hockey, Stefan Bengtsson promised to deal with by making sure that such supporters did not access the game.[11]



      [1] Fotboll Sverige, 2008-05-28 http://www.fotbollsverige.se/news_show_rasismskandalen_i_anundsjo.html?id=570421

      [2] Mallik, Quistbergh & Dielemans, Lika inför bollen? Quistbergh.se 2002-03

      [3] Slätt, Richard. ”"Kasta bananer är inte rasism"”. Expressen, (2006-04-08);  http://www.expressen.se/1.339313

      [4] Esperfält, Han kallade mig svartskalle, Skaraborgs Allehanda 2008-09-08

      [5] Larsson, P. De kallade mig apa, Aftonbladet, 2008-01-11 http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/allsvenskan/article1610529.ab

      [6] Kawesa, Victoria & Boldt, Jolin. ”Kasta bananer är alltid galetExpressen, (2006-04-24) http://www.expressen.se/1.346241

      [8] Ros, T. Hånades – av rasister, Aftonbladet, 2006-03-28

      [9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_black_ice_hockey_players

      [10] Ros, T. Hånades – av rasister, Aftonbladet, 2006-03-28 http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockeybladet/sverige/elitserien/article364840.ab

      [11] Källström, J. Huddinge kräver krafttag efter rasistattack, Aftonbladet 2007-02-20 http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockeybladet/sverige/allsvenskan/article404579.ab

       

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants
      • Muslims
      • Africans/black people

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Sport
      See other countriesSee indicator history
    • Sport: Is hate speech ground for sanctions to sport clubs and applied/applicable in practice?

      Yes. Hate speech is a ground for sanctions to sport clubs and applied in practice. 

      Qualitative Info

       

      The Swedish Football Association has in its statutes chapter 1:1§ that the association distances itself from racism and all forms of discrimination. In the Swedish Football Association event rules for 2008, it is stated in chapter 1:15§ to punish all racist incidents during a football match, both the incidents, taking place among the players, as racist remarks, made by supporters. The type of sanction is decided in each case, but they range between paying penal fees to extreme cases of withdrawal of points for the team.[1]

      The Swedish Football Association’s decision is to prohibit all forms of discrimination, based on ethnicity, religion, race or nationality, and all discrimination is to be penalized and reported. The decision includes confidence-damaging remarks made by the captains and leaders within football. 

       



      [1]   The Swedish Football Association, Statues

      http://www.svenskfotboll.se/files/%7B179F1752-6C9C-4446-9356-E43CD79E954A%7D.pdf (accessed 2012-03-10). 

      Groups affected/interested

      • Migrants

      Key socio-economic / Institutional Areas

      • Sport

      External Url http://www.svenskfotboll.se/files/%7B179F1752-6C9C-4446-9356-E43CD79E954A%7D.pdf

      See other countriesSee indicator history